The frog

The frog (English: frog) and the alias frog bangkong (b. England: toad) was the amphibian animal that most was known by the person in Indonesia. Children usually like the frog and the frog because his form that was funny, often jumped up and down, had not bitten and did not endanger. Only adults who often felt disgusted or frightened that was not justified against the frog. The two animal sorts his form was similar. The frog bertubuh short, sturdy or thin, berpunggung rather bent, four-footed and not berekor (anura: a not, ura the tail). The frog generally has soft skin, humid, with the long back leg. On the other hand the frog or bangkong had rough skin berbintil-nodule until berbingkul-bingkul, often dry, and his back leg was often just short, so as most not cleverer at jumping far. However the two terms often also were bartered by his use.
The life of the frog and the frog
The frog and the frog headed his life as the egg that was placed by his mother in water, in the foam nest, or in other wet places. Several kinds of the mountainous frog kept his egg among mosses that were wet in trees. While the other kind of the forest frog left his egg at the humid male frog back, that always guarded and carried him until hatching even until becoming the frog kecil.Sekali laid eggs the frog could produce 5000-20000 eggs, depended on the quality of the mother and took place totalling three times in a year. Frog eggs and the frog hatched to the tadpole or kecebong (b. England: tadpole), that bertubuh was similar to the fat fish, breathed with gills and for several for a long time the life in water.Slowly will grow the back leg, that afterwards was followed with the growth of the foreleg, the disappearance of the tail and changed him gills with the lungs. After his period, this tadpole will jump to the land as the frog or the small frog. The frog and the frog were married when certain, for example when the month died or in when gazing at rain. At the time male frogs sounded to call female him, from the edge or middle waters. Several of his kinds, like the field frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) and kintel sticky the alias belentung (Kaloula baleata), often formed ‘grup nyanyi’, where several male animals gathered was adjacent and sounded answered-reply. The loud voice the frog was produced by the pocket of the voice that was located in and around his neck, that will swell up big whenever being used.

Fertilisation was to the frog carried out outside the body. The male frog will adhere on his female back and embraced tight the armpit the female from behind. While swimming in water, the male frog back leg would memijat the female and stimulating frog stomach the issuing of the egg. At the time of that simultaneously the male frog will release his sperm to water, so as to be able to fertilise eggs that were issued the female.

The habitat and food
The frog and the living frog spread the area, especially in the climate tropical area hot. It was increasingly cold that his place, like on the mountain or in the seasonal area of four (temperate), the number of types of frogs tended increasingly a little. One of them was because of the frog including the cold-blooded animal, that needed hot from his environment to maintain his life and maintained his body metabolism. Dendrobates pumilio, the measuring frog 18–22 mm with poisonous skin from American Tengah. This animal could be found beginning with the jungle, the desert, river banks and the swamp, the plantation and the paddy-field, as far as the settlement environment of humankind. Bangkong the cellar, for example, was one of the frog kinds that often was experienced in corners of the house or over the pot in the page. The tree frog occupied low trees and scrub, especially in and around the water channel or the pond. The frog preyed on various insects kinds that were experienced by him. The frog was often found clustered under the street lights light or the garden, caught insects that were interested by this light light.On the other hand, the frog was also preyed on by various of the creature's other kinds: the snake, the lizard, birds like the heron and the eagle, the mongoose, linsang, but also was consumed by humankind. The frog defended itself by jumping far, issued mucus and poison from the gland on his skin; and even was that produced a kind of sticky thick mucus, so as the mouth pemangsa him will adhere tight and was difficult to be opened.
The frog and humankind
Already since long before the frog had been known by humankind as one of the delicious food. In Tionghoa restaurants, really the famous frog by the name of swie kee. Acknowledged as the 'water chicken' (swie: water, kee: the chicken) was like this because of the deliciously piquant and plump frog thigh white warned to the chicken thigh. Moreover, in several places in East Java, certain frog eggs were also cooked and presented in the form pepes the frog egg. The frog played a very important role as the indicator of pollution of the environment. The level of pollution of the environment could be to an area seen from the number of frog populations that could be found in this area. The background of the use of the frog as the indicator of the environment because of the frog was one of the ancient creatures available sejah thousands last year. So the frog continue to exist with the change in the climate of the earth. Definitely only influences of humankind that possibly caused terancam him the frog population. One of them was the disposal of the dangerous waste by humankind to nature. This dangerous waste that could threaten the existence of the frog to the dirtiest area.Moreover, because of the importance of the position of the frog in the chain of food, then the reduction in the number of frogs will cause the disturbance of the dynamics of the growth of the frog predator. Moreover the disturbance of the frog population could result in direct with the extinction of the frog predator. But that more threatened the life of the frog in fact was the human activity that often damaged the natural habitat the frog, like the forests, the river and the swamp. Moreover currently the use of pesticide that spread in damaging also paddy-fields eggs and the frog tadpole, as well as resulted in the defect in the generation of the following frog.
Bangkong butted

Bangkong butted or the frog butted was a kind of frog from the Megophryidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Megophrys Montana Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822. His name in English was horned frog.The frog that bertubuh short rather fat, conceited with runcingan skin on the two eyes and on the end of the snout. A pair runcingan other skin, that was smaller, was gotten on the end of the jaw. The measurement of the body generally was until big, 60-95 mm; the male frog smaller than female him. Dorsal (the back part) had soft skin, pale chocolate reddish until old chocolate, with a pair of skin fold on the back, beginning with the part tengkuk as far as the waist. Often with a pair of black nodule small on shoulders. Sometimes was gotten by a pair of skin fold that was more vague and shorter in respectively the lateral side of the body, behind the hands as far as the waist. Foot and the hands were more yellowish, with skin folds melintang bertepi black, formed the black graffiti. The black colour also was received around and behind the eyes. The slice of the coloured eyes reddish.Ventral (the low side of the body) grey whitish, with the nodule was rather rough. The brownish front dirty, in a very spotty manner and black spots that approximately symmetrical on the chin, the neck, the hands and foot. The web in foot very short.Camouflage that was perfect from the colour and the form of this frog body on the floor of the forest, caused bangkong butted was difficult to be recognised during the day. This frog often hid under forest offal, and just tonight active explored the floor of the forest as far as river outskirts. The frog tadpole butted had the similar mouth a funnel, usually is found in the river part that welled up or that not all that berarus.
Bangkong offal

Bangkong offal or the offal frog was a kind of frog from the Megophryidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudi, 1838. The other name in English was Hasselt’s litter frog; was named was like this as the appreciation to J.C. van Hasselt, an expert and the naturalist who worked in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia in the Dutch colonisation period).Bangkong that bertubuh was, between 50-70 mm. Male generally smaller than that was female. Fat short with the round and big head, bigger than his body; the big eyes and melotot. Dorsal (the back part) was brown grey kebiruan or keunguan (the unclear phase), or golden (the clear phase). Gotten very spotty oval was dark that was located symmetrical, the outside bank spotty was golden. Coreng black went from the end of the snout as far as the eyes, and it was continued under the fold supratimpanik as far as shoulders. The slice was dark blackness. Ventral (the low side of the body) grey until blackness on the stomach, was spotted white. The hands and foot note down dark. The web was only gotten in foot, short.Bangkong this only was found in the forest, most in mountains, especially in the place that was not far from the river. Active tonight (nocturnal), bangkong offal slept during the day or hid over forest offal. With foot that was short, this frog jumped very short and often also crawled slowly in wood or the stone with the body was appointed. The male frog made tonight on the heap of offal, the edge sound of the river, or the stone near the water current. Occasionally while cleaning the side behind his body. His voice was hoarse weak, wuaak.. wak.. wak.. wak.. answered-reply. Beforehand, L. hasseltii was suspected of spreading the area in Sundanese shallows as far as the Malaya Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. But currently was known spread limited only in Java, Madura, Bali as far as Kangean. Leptobrachium was in the three first territories ascertained various other, like L. pullum and L. hendricksonii (Malaysia) and L. abbotti, L. gunungensis and L. montanum (Borneo). While the population in Sumatra still must be appointed. (Iskandar, 1998).
Bangkong the river

Bangkong the river was the name of a kind of frog from the Bufonidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. This frog was also known by the name of other: the mangy frog the river, the big toad, or the stone frog. In English was acknowledged as Java toad, river toad or Malayan giant toad.The big, not fat and rather slender mangy frog. Often with the rough nodule and big lumps (asper, the language of Latin = rough, thorny). Male measuring (from the snout to the anus) 70-100 mm, female 95-120 mm. The back was brown old dull, greyish or blackness. The low side was spotted black. Male usually with chin skin that blackness. The web down to fingertips foot.Bangkong that often was met near the river, in the stone down to tebing-tebing on the top. Occasionally was found also in the low scrub twig. Active in night time (nocturnal), this frog during the day hid over the stone; sometimes remaining gathered in water that was hidden.Unlike bangkong the cellar, bangkong the river could jump far with foot him that was relatively long. This frog often pretended to die if being arrested. When being held and placed terlentang on the flat and level place, this frog will continue to not move up until several times; to afterwards suddenly turned the body and jumped instantly when the situation has he felt been safe. The male frog speaking called female from the river bank when the full moon. The sound: wok.. Kak, heavy and occurring rather slow.Bangkong the river spread beginning with Indochina in the north as far as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java. In Java spread as far as Pasuruan and Malang in East Java. In the past, skin bangkong that dikeringkan often was used by the Malay thief. The smoke that was produced from skin that was burnt was believed could drug occupants of the house in order to fall asleep soundly, so as the theft could run smoothly.
Bangkong the cellar

Bangkong the cellar had the scientific name of Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799. Bangkong this also was known with several other names like the mangy frog (Jkt. ), the frog berut (Jw. ), the frog brama (Jw., that was reddish), and Asian black-spined toad (Ingg. ). This frog spread the area beginning with India, the People's Republic of China south, Indochina arrived at Indonesia the western part. In Indonesia, by joining in the movement of humankind, this amphibious animal quickly spread (invaded) from the island to the island. Currently bangkong the cellar was also found in Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Papua west.The measuring frog was, that was mature berperut fat, berbintil-nodule rough. Bangkong male the length (from the snout to the anus) 55-80 mm, female 65-85 mm. On the head was gotten gigir hard stood out that bersambungan, from on the snout; through upper, front and behind the eyes; to above timpanum (the eardrum). Gigir this usually coloured blackness. A pair of gland parotoid (the poison gland) that was big long was received above tengkuk. The back part varied his colour between grey chocolate dark, yellowish, reddish, and blackness. There were with the colour of the yellow foundation also those who are brownish or black greyish. Gotten by the rough nodule on the back with the tip of blackness.The low side of the white body greyish, berbintil-nodule was rather rough. The hands palm and foot with the black colour or blackness; without the web, or foot with the very short web. The male animal generally with the dull chin reddish.Bangkong the cellar was most often found around the house. Jumped very short, this frog left his hiding under the heap of the stone, wood, or in corners of the kitchen when the west; and returned to the place originally in time at daybreak. Occasionally, his hiding place was occupied together by a group of big and small frog; until 6-7 tails.Bangkong this was married in ponds, the juicy ditch welled up, or belumbang, often in the full moon night. The male frog dismissed the voice that was busy before and after rain to call female him, often up until the morning. He sounded: rrrk,.. rrrk, or... oorek-orek-orek-orekk! Noisy. In moments like that, could be found several pairs until dozens of pairs bangkong that was married simultaneously in one pond. Often also the physical competition that was heavy happened among bangkong male to contest female, especially if female him far more a little. Therefore, the male will embrace very tight his female back for his marriage procession. Sometimes was encountered also by several bangkong that died because of wounds as a result of the competition; the wound in the male animal snout, or the wound on the female animal armpit.Apparently this frog had the association that was tight to the human environment. From time to time, bangkong the cellar continued to widen the area of his distribution joined the activity of humankind. Iskandar (1998) recorded that this frog had not been gotten in the tropical rainforest.
Belentung
Belentung or belentuk was the name of a kind of speaking small frog high-pitched. Because of the sound dengkung him that, many people that supposed this animal bertubuh big (saw for example to KBBI [1]). Jakartans mentioned him the frog blentung, whereas Javanese named him kintel. Was varied the name was pinned in English: Brown Bullfrog, Gamelan Frog (because dengkung him sweet answered-reply), Muller apostr s Narrowmouth Toad, Smooth-fingered Narrow-mouthed Frog, Red Spotted Chubby Frog (referred in the characteristics of his body), or Flower Pot Toad (because his habit hid in the flowerpot). His scientific name was Kaloula baleata, and including into the Microhylidae ethnic group.The frog that bertubuh small was, round (Jw., buntek) slippery with foot-foot that was short. The male animal mature in a long manner the body from the snout to the anus (SVL, snout-to-vent length) to around 60 mm, that was female somewhat bigger through to 65-66 mm [2] [3]. The head widened, with the short snout. Timpanum (the eardrum) was hidden under skin. The long-sleeved finger and memipih flat in front, similar spatula, formed hurut T narrow. Fingertips foot became dull. The web in foot the length only around a third of the finger, achieved the nodule subartikuler middle under fourth toes.The back (dorsal) was brown, golden chocolate, very black chocolate or greyish dark; occasionally with symmetrical patterns. On the front leg armpit and behind was gotten noktah was orange, red or pink menyolok, that in the normal position usually invisible because of being covered by the skin fold. The low side of the body (ventral) slippery, chocolate keunguan in a very spotty manner whitish, or conversely, grey whitish bebercak dark blackness. Skin berbintil soft but soft, not rough when being felt, somewhat wrinkled merut and loose. Felt slippery, the frog belentung was easy to skid if being held, and left sekret take the form of mukus (mucus) that was close on the hands. Often also this frog inflated his body if felt was disturbed.

As in the case of bangkong the cellar, the frog belentung only could jump very short. But this animal clever climbing the tree or the shrub. For the need, his front toes and several were on his back leg supplemented with the sleeper pelekat. Crawled in a slow manner, kintel could reach the branch indentation or the wood hole that was humid through to around 2 m. on the land, where he hid himself. During the day this frog was inactive and slept in his hole in the tree, the land crack or over the heap of humid offal. His natural habitat including the primary forest, the secondary forest and the second-hand land tebangan. In Java, the frog belentung often was found around the yard garden, especially close to the ditch and belumbang, until the height around 1.000 m. dpl. [3] Nevertheless, this frog did not spread equitable, but overflowed to the certain area and was not found to the other area. It was not rare that this frog hiding below or in the flowerpot in the page or the house veranda.

On rain days, the frog belentung busy sounded high-pitched in the afternoon, in fact before the dark day, especially if heavy rain descended during the day him. Sounded sweet, several male frogs usually growl answered-reply while floating was adjacent in the pool of shallow water, the pond, or the water channel that tersumbat. He sounded: “them.. dung, them.. dung” (the first sound canned be heard like them, phem, or bleen.. was answered with thung, or dung from the other individual); apparently from here this frog received his name. These frogs inflated his stomach while swimming was floating, then pumped some air on his stomach to the pocket of the voice in his neck to get the sound dengkung that was high-pitched and hard. Belentung spread the area beginning with Thailand south, Kep. It was incarcerated, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi.