The Fish cultivation tawes

The provisions of the seed that was high-quality in the number be enough and continued was the important factor towards the development of the cultivation of the consumption fish. Germination efforts were often carried out in the Magelang Regency, like in the Paremono Kecamatan Mungkid Village because of being supported by the availability of quite good water the dry season and rainy. Nearby that germination efforts were felt more rnenguntungkan because of time that was used relatively short approximately 3 weeks - 1 month, as well as his marketing then was easy. The germination of the fish tawes had several methods that is the germination of the fish in the pond, the germination in the paddy-field and the germination in hapa. The Pembenihan experience of the Tawes Fish in the pond that was done by MARZANI KTNA Paremono Mungkid evidently was pleasing enough.The implementation of the Germination in kolam 1. The Induk election To get the quality seed and the number that often in the Tawes germination must be chosen by the mother who was good with the characteristics: - the Location of the anus was located relative closer to the starting point ekor - the relative Head smaller and meruncing - Sisiknya was big and teratur - the broad tail Starting Point and kokoh - Generally the fish tawes male began to be spawned in the age approximately 1 year, and the mother tawes female in the age approximately 1.5 years. To know that the mother of the fish tawes was ripe gender and was ready to be spawned with signs as follows: A) the Mother betina Perutnya expanded to the side of genetal (the release) when being felt more lembek the Hole dubur coloured rather kemerah-merahan closed gills when being felt more licin if the stomach was massaged from the side of the head to the anus will go out the blackish liquid. Lnduk male When the stomach was massaged from arah the head will to the anus go out the liquid was whitish (sperm) close gills when being felt was felt rough 2. Preparations for the Pond The pond of fish spawning tawes at the same time being the hatching pond and the pond pendederan. Before being utilised for spawning, the pond dikeringkan. The improvement of the dyke and the foundation was of the pond made the channel memanjang (caren/kamalir) from water revenue to the side of the issuing of water in a wide manner 40 cm and the depth 20-30 cm. 3. The release of the Mother The mother of the fish tawes that was chosen to be spawned afterwards diberok, pemberokan with the appointment of the male and female mother separately for 4-5 days After diberok afterwards the mother of the fish was put into the spawning pond that was prepared parent Revenue to the pond at the time of water reached approximately 20 cm The Number Of mothers who was released by the female mother 25 tails and the male mother 50 tails in the afternoon approximately struck 16,00 water that entered the pond was enlarged so as the water current was swifter. Usually the mother of the fish tawes spawned in.The Telur hatching. After the mother of the fish tawes laid eggs, water that entered the pond was reduced so that eggs are not carried the flow, the hatching was carried out in the spawning pond juga in The Morning was checked when having eggs that rnenumpuk around the pond or the land part that was shallow was spread by swinging the broom lidi in the foundation kolam the fish Egg tawes usually hatched all after 2-3 hari from the fish produced by the hatching was maintained in this pond for approximately 21 days. 5. The results collection (the fish seed) The harvest was done in the morning day Menyurutkan/drained kolam After the seed was dikamalir/dicaren, the seed was caught with used waring or seser the Seed was accommodated hapa that was placed in the water channel flowed with the water current not deras the Seed lersebut the next one was maintained again in the pond pendederan atau was sold.

The hatching of the Egg. After the mother of the fish tawes laid eggs, water that entered the pond was reduced so that eggs are not carried the flow, the hatching was carried out in the spawning pond also in The Morning was checked when having eggs that rnenumpuk around the pond or the land part that was shallow was spread by swinging the broom lidi in the foundation of the pond of the fish Egg tawes usually hatched all after 2-3 days from the fish produced by the hatching was maintained in this pond for approximately 21 days. Pendederan At first the pond dikeringkan for 2-3 Improvement days of the dyke, the production caren/the basic channel of the pond was processed dicangkul, afterwards was fostered with Urea & SP 36 1 0 gr/m2 and manure 1 - 1.5 kg/m2 depended his fertility. After the pond was fostered afterwards was irrigated be as high as 2-3 cm and was left alone 2-3 days afterwards pond water was increased little by little until the depth 50 cm Afterwards the seed ditebar in the pond pendederan densely tebar 10-20 of ekor/m2 Pemeliharaan were done approximately 3 weeks - 1 month. Further could dipanen

The LELE FISH BUSINESS

Chose efforts evidently must not from something that oh. Many big opportunities could be received by you precisely from something that was visible trivial. Like raised fish lele.Ikan moustached this indeed still was gazed at an eye by pebisnis. In fact, fortune that he promised was big enough. The counter supermerket big as far as the tent stall at the edge of the road to need supplies lele in a large number routinely. Possibly we had not heeded the tent stall that peddled the menu pecel lele that lined up in sepenjang the road. In fact, the continuity of the requirement lele in the tent stall is generally more certain when compared with the requirement lele in the supermarket. Stalls like that often were spread in each city. Began the business lele tidah always must be preceeded with the calculation that was complicated as well as made the headache. You could memuali him with only a bejlan-road relaxed, sat idle while for the fun of it tasted the fish menu lele. From the activity you could map the fish market lele. The number of requirements for the fish lele also could be received by you definitely. “Ya…. Approximately I could be finished lele 7 –8 kg every time malam,” such was Sarah's acknowledgment the trader pecel lele in the sum Jakarta Barat. “Ikan was bought by me from the market of Kebayoran Lama. Each kilo his price of Rp 12,000. If was counted-counted, Sarah needed lele quite a bit of. At least he must get supplies 210 – 240 kg lele fresh routinely. Information above could give the rough picture for you that the opportunity did business lele had clear prospects. The sweet experience did business lele also was owned by Ivan, the breeder lele in Parung. These efforts began he tekuni around two years ago. Initially the efforts ditekuni by his older brother. Because his relatives must be assigned to go out of the country then pond efforts lele that was granted to Vian. The young man who still was going to class in one of the Suwasta universities in Jakarta felt still often must study in the field perlelean. At this time he was led by Sueb, his older brother's confidant. The fish blessing had a name latin Clarias sp that, Vian could cover the cost the basin autonomously. At this time Vian had the pond totalling 15 pieces. Each pond measured the area 300m. According to Sueb, sold the fish lele that was glad. We were no longer necessary very busy looked for market information. Seedling cultivation was indeed faster the profit. But, his profit capacity was smaller when compared with the enlargement. Enlargement efforts indeed needed capital was bigger when compared with seedling cultivation. However, the profit that could be scooped up more promising. Fish harvest time lele quite relative faster when compared with the other kind of the consumption fish. “Kalau the gurami just could dipanen around 8 months. Whereas lele already could dipanen around 50 hari,” obviously Vian while holding on to the ditch that was filled by the fish lele was ready the harvest. The condition for the fish market lele confused tended to be more unstable when compared with the condition for the other market of the kind fish. “Kadang-sometimes his price rose very high, but sometimes also merosot,” revealed Sueb. “Pokok him should not sell lele in available months the letter “R” him (in May, in June, in July, and in August) ,”sahut Vian explained his experience. Because. In the range of the month of many farmers lele that sell off lele him with the cheap price. The reason is, they really needed the cost for the need of their children's school. The selling price of the fish lele will reach the most expensive peak in January. Because, at that time fish supplies lele tendedIf you had the number of ponds more than one, Then the period of the harvest could be drafted by turns. Owing to the method like this, the period of the harvest could become faster than 50 days. =Budidaya lele not direpotkan with the problem of water. Fish resistance lele very good “Asal water always be full and was enough food, that already beres,”jelas Sueb in the place cave was on duty at the pond lele. To be able to be fortunate, the fish that was maintained minimal confused numbering 10,000 tails. The number of fish that much needed paka totalling 35 sacks. Setok food that much was used in one period time of efforts. Each sack contained food weighing 30 kg. The price of food perkarung was Rp 160,000. The problem of food could be overcome with oplosan food that came from jerohan the chicken. His price Only Rp 1500/ kg. Kwintal jerohan could be used to satisfy the requirement for food lele for 1 – 1.5 days. One pond needed 2 sacks pelet every day. Giving of food was carried out by 2 times in a day. So, one sack pele.
The selling price of the fish lele in the level of the farmer at this time was Rp 11,000/kg. The percentage of the death of the fish lele usually reached 10%. The condition like that generally happens after the fish lele was released into the pond. Especially when the weather was hot. Each pond could produce lele weighing 7 – 8 kuintal. The depth of the pond lele minimal 1 m.. Too shallow water caused the measurement lele became too short. Because of the fish to not all that the movement. The number of seeds that was spread 50,000 tails in each pond. The seed lele that still a measurement of cigarettes. One month after being released, agree to then disortasi. The fish that already of the battery stone was moved the other pond. His aim to the measurement of the uniform fish. Because if being not sorted, the fish that his measurement was smaller will prey on by lele that berbada bigger. Usually after being sorted by the fish remained at 12,000 tails. Or around 3 kwintal.

The Mujair Fish cultivation

The INTRODUCTION

The fish mujair was the kind of the fresh water of the consumption fish, the form of the body pipih with the grey, brown or black colour. This fish came from African waters. Therefore some in the Klaten area that to be precise in the Cokro Village, many in cultivated the Mujair Fish that in consumption personally and in sold to the Community. In the condition for the quite prospective market not many people that menekuni fisheries efforts mujair professionally and in an oriented manner commercial. Then although his request quite high, fish bargaining mujair still was felt to be slow. As a result, although to comply with the local and regional request, the fish market mujair still was open wide.

The CONDITION for the LOCATION

The land that was good for the maintenance pond was the clay kind/lempung,tidak berporos. This land kind could keep the big water mass and did not leak so as to be able to be made the dyke/the wall of the pond. 2. The slope of the land that was good for the production of the revolving pond between 3-5% to facilitate the pond irrigation in a manner gravitation. 3. The fish mujair could grow normal, if the location of the maintenance was in the height between 150-1000 m. dpl. 4. The quality of water for the maintenance of the fish mujair must be clean, was not too turbid and not dirtiest chemicals were poisonous, and oil/the waste of the factory. 5. The fish mujair could develop fast in the pond, the paddy-field, kakaban, and the swift water river. The pond with his irrigation system that flowed very good for the growth and the physical development of the fish mujair. The water debit for the calm water reservoir 8-15 litre/the second/ha, whereas for the enlargement in the swift water reservoir his debit 100 liter/menit/m3. 6. The acidity of water (the pH) that was good was between 7-8. 7. The temperature of good water revolved between 20-25 C levels.
SEEDLING CULTIVATION
To prepare the prospective fish mujair that will be maintained, must be paid attention to by matters of the provisions of the maintenance media, the election and the maintenance of the mother, the hatching and the condition for the seed, the characteristics of the seed and the superior mother. ? The Induk Ciri election of the mother of the seed mujair that was superior at being as follows: A. Could produce the seed in the number that was big with the high quality. B. His growth was very fast. C. Really was responsive to artificial food that was given. D. Resisten towards the pest attack, the parasite and the illness. E. Could live and grow good in the relatively bad waters environment. F. The measurement of the mother who was good for was spawned that is 100 gram more per his tail. As for the characteristics to distinguish the male mother and the female mother was as follows:
Female
Gotten 3 holes in urogenetial that is: the anus, lubang the issuing of the egg and the urine hole. - the Tip of coloured fins reddish pale unclear. - the Colour of the stomach was whiter. - the Colour of the white chin. - If the stomach distriping did not issue the liquid.
Male
To the implement urogenetial was gotten 2 holes that is: the anus and lubang sperm doubled as the urine hole. - the Tip of coloured fins reddish obviously and clear. - the Colour of the stomach was darker/blackish.
The PEST AND the ILLNESS
The pest
Bebeasan (Notonecta) was dangerous for the seed because of his sting. The control: poured kerosene to the surface of water 500 cc/100 square metre. 2. Ucrit (the Larva cybister) Menjepit the fish body with taring him through to torn. The control: was difficult to be combatted; avoided the organic matter menumpuk around the pond. 3. The Makan frog the egg of the fish egg. The control: often threw the egg that floated away; menagkap and throw away alive. 4. The Menyerang snake the seed and the small fish. The control: carried out the capture; pemagaran the pond. 5. The eat otter the fish tonight. Pengendalian:pasang the trap berum also. 6. Memakan birds the coloured seed was on like red, yellow. The control: was given the obstacle to bamboo in order to be difficult pounce on; was given rumbai-rumbai or the obstacle rope. The illness generally matters that were done to be able to prevent the illness emergence and the pest in the fish cultivation mujair: a. Basic drainage of the pond in an orderly fashion every time was finished the harvest. B. The maintenance of the fish that really free the illness. C. Avoid the dispersion of the fish excessively exceeded the capacity. D. The ideal system of water revenue was parallel, each pond.
The HARVEST

The harvesting of the fish mujair could be carried out by means of: the total harvest and the harvest some. 1. The harvest some or the selective harvest the selective Harvest was done without pond drainage, the fish that would dipanen was chosen with the certain measurement (for the harvesting of the seed). The measurement of the seed that would dipanen (the age 1-1.5 months) depends on the consumer's request, generally was classed for the measurement: 1-3 cm; 3-5 cm and 5-8 cm. The harvesting was carried out with used waring that above was sprinkled bait (bran). The fish that was not chosen (usually was wounded resulting from the net), before being returned to the pond better be separated and given medicine with the solution malachite green 0,5-1,0 ppm for 1 hour. 2. The total harvest Generally the total harvest was done to catch/memanen the fish produced by the enlargement. Generally the age of the fish mujair that dipanen revolved between 5 months seriously revolving between 30-45 gram/the tail. The total harvest was done by means of draining the pond, through to the height of water remained 10-20 cm. The piece of the harvesting/the piece of the capture was made measuring 1 square m in front of the door to the issuing (monnik), so as

Post-harvest

The post-harvest handling of the fish mujair could be carried out by means of the handling of the living fish and the fresh fish. 1. The handling of the living fish sometimes this consumption fish is more expensive his price when being sold in the living situation. The matter that must be paid attention to so that this fish down to the consumer in the living situation, fresh and healthy in part: 1. In the transport used water that bersuhu low around 20 C. levels 2. Transport time preferably in the morning or in the afternoon. 3. The number of densities of the fish in the transport implement was not too solid. 2. The handling of the fresh fish the fresh Fish Mas was the fast product descended his quality. The matter that must be paid attention to to maintain the freshness in part: 1. The capture must be carried out carefully so that fish not the wound. 2. Before being packed, the fish must be washed so that clean and mucus. 3. The forum for the carrier must be clean and was closed. For the transport of the short distance (2 trip hours), could be used the basket that was covered with the bananas leaves/plastic. For the transport of the long distance was used the box.

the fish Seed must be chosen that was healthy that is free from the illness, the parasite and not flawed. After that, the fish seed was just put into the pocket of plastic (the system was closed) or keramba (the system was open). Water that was used by the transport media must be clean, healthy, free the pest and the illness as well as the organic matter lai him. For example could be used well water that has diaerasi overnight. Before being carried the fish seed must diberok beforehand for several days. Use the place pemberokan took the form of the basin that contained clean water and with good aeration. The basin pemberokan could be made with the measurement 1 m. x 1 m. or 2 m. x 0,5 m.. With this measurement, the basin pemberokan could accommodate the fish seed Mas an amount 5000–6000 the tail with the measurement 3-5 cm. The number of seeds in pemberokan must be adapted to the measurement of his seed. # Be Based On old/the distance of the sending, the transport system of the seed was divided into two parts, that is:

the System was open was carried out to carry the seed in the short distance or not need a long time. The transport implement take the form of keramba. Every time keramba could be filled up clean water 15 litre and was able to carry approximately 5000 tails of the measurement seed 3-5 cm. # the System was closed was carried out for the transport of the long-distance seed that needed spare time from 4-5 hours, used the pocket of plastic. The volume of the transport media consisted of clean water 5 litre that was given buffer Na2 (hpo) 4.1H2O totalling 9 gram. The packaging method of the fish seed that was transported by the pocket of plastic: 1. Put clean water into the pocket of plastic afterwards the seed; 2. Eliminate air by pressing the pocket of plastic to the surface of water; 3. Channel oxygen from the tube was channelled to the pocket of plastic totalling 2/3 the volume of the cavity whole (air:oksigen=1:1); 4. The pocket of previous plastic was tied. 5. The pocket of plastic was put into the carton with the position lie alongside or was lulled. The carton that have a length of 0,50 m., wide 0,35 m., and high 0,50 m. could be filled up 2 Several matters that must be paid attention to after the seed arrived in the destination were as follows: 1. Prepare the solution tetrasiklin 25 ppm in the wash-basin (1 capsule tertasiklin in 10 litre clean water). 2. Open the pocket of plastic, added clean water that came from the local pond little by little so that the change in the temperature of water in the pocket of plastic happens slowly. 3. Move the fish seed to the wash-basin that contained the solution tetrasiklin for 1-2 minutes. 4. Input of the fish seed in the basin pemberokan. In the basin pemberokan the fish seed was given adequate food. Moreover, was carried out by medical treatment with tetrasiklin 25 ppm while 3 days were endless. Apart from tetrsikli also could be used other medicine like KMNO4 totalling 20 ppm or formalin totalling 4% for 3-5 minutes. 5. After 1 week dikarantina, tebar the fish seed in the cultivation pond.
The picture of the agribusiness Opportunity
With the existence of the public's waters of the area in Indonesia that consisted of the river, the swamp, the nature lake and artificial measuring almost approaching 13 million ha was the potential for nature that was very good for the development of fisheries efforts in Indonesia. By that of many potentials for the other supporter who was carried out by the government and private enterprise in the matter of capitalisation, the research program in the matter of the germination, the handling of the illness and the pest and the post-harvest handling, the handling of the cultivation as well as the existence of the ease in the matter periizinan import. Although the request in tingkal the local market would the fish mujair and the other freshwater fish always experienced the rise and fall, but was seen from the amount of sales revenue on average always experienced the rise from the year to the year. If the local market the fish mujair experienced the sluggishness, then will be very influential towards the good selling price in the level of the farmer and in the level of the wholesaler in the fish market. Moreover the sale of the fish seed mujair might be said almost did not have the problem, his prospect quite good. Apart from the existence of the potential for the supporter and the request factor .

The FISH cultivation Mas

HISTORY The fish Mas was the kind of the fresh water of the consumption fish, have a body memanjang Thin and flat nearby and soft. The fish Mas has been maintained since the year 475 Before masehi in China. In Indonesia the fish Mas began to be maintained around tahun 1920. The fish Mas that was met in Indonesia was the fish mas That was carried from China, Europe, Taiwan and Japan. The fish Mas Punten dan Majalaya was results of the selection in Indonesia. Until this already terdapat 10 fish Mas that could be identified was based on the characteristics morfologis him. The fish Mas (Cyorinus carpio, L.) was the species of the freshwater fish that for a long time has been cultivated and terdomestikasi well in the world. In China, the farmers cultivated around 4000 years ago whereas in Europe several hundred years ago. Several varieties and the sub-variety of the fish Mas often was cultivated South-East Asia as the consumption fish and the fish decorated. Was based on the genetic diversity, the fish Mas had the expertise because many strain/the race. This was caused because: 1) the spreading of the area of the origin beginning with China arrived at the European mainland was very wide with the varying environmental situation and geographically was isolated, 2) the adaptation power that was high towards the environment, 3) the accumulation of the mutation and 4) the selection naturally and by the work of humankind (Hulata, 1995). The high adaptation power also caused the fish Mas could live in the plain ecosystem until the plateau (until the height 1800 m. dpl. ). This Strain apparently from the diversity of the form of the scale, the form of the body and the colour. Several strain that already in.
TECHNICALLY the PRODUCTION of the FISH Mas

Preparations for the pond for the activity of spawning of the indigo fish in part peneplokan/perapihan the dyke so that the dyke does not leak, levelled the foundation of the pond with the slope headed to kemalir, cleaned the basin kobakan, closed the door to the issuing with paralon, the filter fitting in the door to revenue as well as the pond filling with water. The filter fitting was meant to avoid the entry of wild fish as the predator or the competitor that could influence the quantity produced by the production and the quality of the seed that was produced.
The maintenance and the Selection of the Mother
The mother was maintained in the special pond separately between male and female. Food that was given take the form of pellet with the content of protein 25%. The dose of giving of food totalling 3% per the weight biomas per the day. This food was given by 3 times/the day. The female fish that was selected could have been spawned after be aged 1.5 - 2 years with the weight >2 kg. Whereas the male mother was 8 months with the weight old > 0,5 kg. To distinguish male and female could be carried out with the road to massage the stomach to the side of the tail. If going out the white liquid from the gender hole, then this fish was male. The characteristics of the female fish that was ready pijah was: (simply)
the movement of the fish lambat * tonight often jumped-loncat * Perut grew/distended to the side of behind and if being felt was felt lunak * Lubang the anus rather swelled/stood out and was coloured kemerahan Whereas for the male fish issued sperm (the liquid was white) from the gender hole.
Spawning
In spawning, the fish was stimulated by means of making the waters environment resemble the situation of the environment of the public's waters where this fish spawned naturally or with the hormone stimulus. In connection with that, then steps in fish spawning Mas was: * Mencuci dang drained the forum for spawning (the basin/the pond) * Mengisi the forum for spawning with water be as high as 75-100 cm * Memasang hapa to facilitate the larva harvest in the basin or in the pond with the measurement 4 x 3 x 1 metre. Hapa was supplemented with ballast in order to not float. * Memasang kakaban in the place pemihajan (in hapa). Kakaban could take the form of palm fibre that dijepit bamboo/the plank with the measurement 1,5 x 0,4 m.. * Memasukkan the male and female mother was ready pijah. The number of female mothers who was spawned depended on the requirement for the free seed hapa and the area of the pond that will be used in pendederan 1. The male parent weight was the same as the female mother but with the number that more of * Mengangkat the mother who spawned and memindahkann him to the maintenance pond.
The maintenance of the Larva
Kakaban was appointed 3 days after the egg hatched or after the larva did not cling in kakaban. Larva food took the form of the suspension of the egg yolk with the frequency 5 times per the day (one egg for 100,000 tails of the larva). Maintenance time of this larva for 5 days so as the larva has kept to ditebar in the pond.
The enlargement in KJA
The intensive enlargement system could be in part carried out in keramba the Apung Net that was normal was installed in the public's waters. The location election of the appointment of the net in a waters will be very supportive the process success of the production. Several characteristics of waters that were exact in part a) Water moved with the biggest flow, but not the strong flow, b) the Appointment of the net could be installed in line with the wind direction, c) the water Body was big enough and the area so as to be able to guarantee the stability of the quality of water, d) the Depth of minimal water could achieve the basic clearance of the net with the foundation of waters 1,0 metre, e) the Quality of supportive water the growth like the temperature of waters 270C until 300C, most protracted oxygen not less than 4,0 mg/l, and the brightness not less than 80 cm. One unit of Keramba Jaring Apung minimal consisted of the pocket of the net and the framework of the net. The dimension of the net unit have the shape of persegi four with the measurement of the pocket of the net 7 x 7 x 3 M3 or 6 x 6 x 3 M3. One unit of Keramba Jaring Apung consisted four sets of the pocket and one set consisted of two layers of the pocket of the Part of the net that entered in water of the pocket body 2,0 until 2,5 metre. The framework of the net was made could be made from the iron or bamboo and the buoy take the form of steerofoam or the drum. The pocket material of the net came from the Polietilena thread.The frequency of giving of minimal food twice per the day. Whereas the giving method of food so that effective was suggested used Feeding Frame that could be made from waring with mesh size 2,0 mm have the shape of persegi four measuring 1.0 smpai 2,0 m2. This implement in the pair in the body of the net of pocket water in the depth 30 until 50 cm from the surface of water. The location of this implement could in the middle of the pocket or in one of his corner.
Pembesaran di KAD
The maintenance of the fish Mas in the swift water reservoir must consider several matters including the location close to the source of water (the river, the irrigation, etc.. ) with the topography that enabled pond water could dikeringkan by means of gravitation, the quality of water that was used was of good quality and not dirtiest (the content of most protracted oxygen 6-8 ppm) and with the minimal water debit 100 litre /second. The form of the swift water reservoir of various sorts depended the condition for the land, could the triangle, round and oval. His measurement varied was adapted to the condition for the land and the funding capacity. Generally KAD measuring 10-100 m. 2 with the depth in general 1.0 - 1,5 metre. The wall of the pond was not eroded by the water current and the activity of the fish. Because of that must berkontruksi the wall or the layer of the plank. Really the pond must enable not the area died the current (the place where the waste settled). Because of that the slope of the pond must be appropriate (around 2 - 5 %). Solid tebar the measurement fish 75 -150 gram/the tail totalling 10 - 15 kg /m3 pond water. The dose of food that was given by as many as 4% weight biomass/the day. The frequency of his giving 3 times/the day.