The Taj Mahal

The ruler Hindustan, Shah Jahan, experienced mahaduka after his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, died when giving birth to the upside down baby in the war tent. During 1632, he decreed the palace creation pualam—yang was drafted was based on the image about heaven in Al-Quran—sebagai the last tracks of his wife's body. With Isa's help, the bloody architect Persia, was increased by twenty thousand workers and hundreds of elephants, he succeeded in bringing about the Symbol of love Grandeur that was given by him the name:

The Taj Mahal. Had a background in the love and perselingkuhan, the intrigue and the civil war, Jahanara, the child Mumtaz Mahal, unfurled narrated behind the Taj Mahal creation. He told about himself who tried to bolt from “suami politik” him in order to pursue the secret sweetheart who was hidden over Taj Mahal walls. But he was afterwards trapped in the war between the older brother and his brother: Prince Dara Shikuh, a mystic that fought to make friends with Muslim and Hindu, against Aurangzeb, that was mad the throne and liked to manipulate the religion to crush opponents politiknya.Melalui narrations liris each round, this history novel would menyihir you to enter India the past, and forbidden luxury and kesyahduan Yamuna, in a performance klasik—seperti Mahabharata or one thousand Satu Malam—tentang the struggle between the love power and the space.

The Taj Mahal was a monument that was located in Agra, India. Built on Emperor's wish of Mughal Shah Jahan, the child Jahangir, as one musoleum for the wife Persianya, Arjumand Banu Begum. Arjumand was also known by the name of Mumtaz-ul-Zamani or Mumtaz Mahal. His development spent time 23 years (1630-1653) and was a masterpiece from Mughal architecture. The Taj Mahal is currently chosen again as one of the seven new world miracles of results of the choice 100 million people all over the world through the internet and the service the short message (the SMS), that was held by Swiss Foundation and was announced on July 7 2007 (07-07-07).

Shah Jahan, the emperor from the Mughal Empire had the wealth that was big for his glory period. To 1631 wives both of them died when giving birth to his daughter of Gauhara Begum, their 14th child. To recall the incident so he built the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal that was known for example the work of Indian Muslim architecture was the symbol of the eternal love and Emperor's affection Shah Jahan for his wife of Mumtaz Mahal. Initially, Shah Jahan only acknowledged the mosque as the grave of Mumtaz Mahal, but finally developed by the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal if being translated meant the 'Mahkota Palace', an expansion from the name of Mumtaz Mahal that came from Persia. Mumtaz Mahal died in the age 39 years, when giving birth to the 14th child during 1631. The death this queen made the king so sorrowful.

Before dying, Mumtaz instructed 'want to was made the grave that had not been witnessed the world beforehand to recall him'. Be Jahan afterwards mobilised 20 thousand manpower fulfilled his message of the wife. The building materials was imported from all over India and Asia middle by using 1,000 elephants. Stood the main turret be as high as 57 metre. The beautiful stones from various territories in Asia was used. The red sandstone from Fatehpur Sikri, Jasper from Punjab, jade and crystal from China, the turquoise stone from Tibet, the layer lazuli and the sapphire from Srilanka, coal and the stone kornelian from Arabian and the diamond from Panna. His floor was then made from marble that shone from Makrana, Rajasthan.

Not like the Mughal grave other, the Taj Mahal garden was in front of the grave. The Taj Mahal background was sky, so as the Taj Mahal was seen so gemerlap with the colour. The form composition and his line were then symmetrical perfect. The Taj Mahal really the symbol of the love and love.

Borobudur

Borobudur was the name of a Buddhist temple that was located in Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. The location of the temple was approximately 100 km on the south-west of Semarang and 40 km on the north-west of Yogyakarta. This temple was established by the followers of the religion Buddhist Mahayana around the 800 's Masehi in the government's period of the Syailendra dynasty.

Many theories that tried to explain the name of this temple. One of them said that this name the possibility came from Sambharabhudhara words, that is meaning that the "mountain" (bhudara) where in his slopes was located terraces. Moreover was gotten by several etymologies of the other people. For example Borobudur words came from the statement "Buddha" that because of the shift in the sound became Borobudur. The other explanation was that this name came from two "ember" words and "beduhur". Ember words were it seems coming from temple words, while having also the other explanation where the ember came from the Sansekerta language that meaning that the temple complex or the monastery and beduhur meaning that is "high", or warned in Balinese that was significant "above". So his intention was a monastery or the barracks that was in the high land. The historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to get the degree of the doctor in 1950 believed that Borobudur was the place of the worship. Was based on the Karangtengah inscription and Kahulunan, Casparis estimated, the Borobudur founder was the king from the Syailendra dynasty named Samaratungga around 824 of M. Bangunan the giant could be just completed in his daughter's period, Queen Pramudawardhani. The Borobudur development it was estimated took up time semicentenially.
The Borobudur structure

The Borobudur temple have the shape of punden berundak, that consisted of six levels have the shape of lay alongside the cage, three levels have the shape of round coiled and a main stupa as his peak. Moreover was spread in all level-stage him several stupas. Borobudur that had ten stages depicted clearly philosophy mazhab Mahayana. like a book, Borobudur depicted ten Bodhisattva stages that must be passed through to achieve perfection to Buddha. The part foot Borobudur symbolised Kamadhatu, that is the world that still was controlled by kama or the "low desire". This part most were closed by the heap of the stone that it was suspected was made reinforce the construction of the temple. In the part that was closed the structure of this addition was gotten 120 the panel the Kammawibhangga story. Structure of the addition was set aside so as the person could be still seeing relief in this part.

Four floors with the wall berelief above by the experts was named Rupadhatu. His floor have the shape of persegi. Rupadhatu was the world that could have released itself from the desire, but still was tied by the form and the form. This stage symbolised nature between that is, between low and natural nature upper. In this Rupadhatu part Buddhist statues was received to wall holes above ballustrade or selasar. From the fifth floor to his seven walls not berelief. This stage was named Arupadhatu (that meant to take the form of or be not concrete). The floor plan had the shape of the circle. This stage symbolised upper nature, where humankind has been free from all the wishes and the association of the form and the form, but did not yet achieve nirvana. Buddhist statues were placed in the stupa that was closed hollow like in imprisonment. From outside the statues still appeared very vague.

The highest stage that depicted the lack of the shape was demonstrated took the form of the most big and highest stupa. The stupa was depicted plain without holes. In this biggest stupa had been found the Buddhist statue that was imperfect or was mentioned also unfinished Buddha, that disalahsangkakan as the Adibuddha statue, in fact through the research further had not had the statue to the main stupa, the statue that was not finished that was his sculptor's mistake in the time dahulu. according to the statue belief that was wrong in the process of his production indeed to be able to not be damaged. The excavation of archeology that was carried out in the page of this temple found many statues like this. In the past, several Buddhist statues were with 30 stones with relief, two lion statues, several stones had the shape of time, the ladder and the gate was sent to Thai King, Chulalongkorn that visited the Dutch East Indies (currently Indonesia) during 1896 as the gift from the Dutch East Indies government at that point.

The highest stage that depicted the lack of the shape was demonstrated took the form of the most big and highest stupa. The stupa was depicted plain without holes. In this biggest stupa had been found the Buddhist statue that was imperfect or was mentioned also unfinished Buddha, that disalahsangkakan as the Adibuddha statue, in fact through the research further had not had the statue to the main stupa, the statue that was not finished that was his sculptor's mistake in the time dahulu. according to the statue belief that was wrong in the process of his production indeed to be able to not be damaged. The excavation of archeology that was carried out in the page of this temple found many statues like this. In the past, several Buddhist statues were with 30 stones with relief, two lion statues, several stones had the shape of time, the ladder and the gate was sent to Thai King, Chulalongkorn that visited the Dutch East Indies (currently Indonesia) during 1896 as the gift from the Dutch East Indies government at that point.

In each stage was carved by relief to the wall of the temple. These relief were read in accordance with the direction of the hour needle or were mentioned mapradaksina in the language Javanese Kuna that came from the Sansekerta language daksina that meaning that is east. These relief of various contents he said, including relief related jātaka. This reading of relief stories was always begun, and ended to the main gate of the east side in each one of his levels, began him on the left and ended on the right of the main gate. Then obviously that next east was the ladder rose that actually (main) and headed the peak of the temple, this means that the temple appear before to the east despite other sides really similar .
Karmawibhangga
In accordance with the symbolic meaning in foot the temple, relief that decorated the wall of this veiled shelf depicted the law karma. The row of this relief not was the series story (serial), but to each picture depicted a story that had the cause and effect correlation. This relief not only gave the picture of the action was condemned by humankind was accompanied with the punishment that will be received by him, but also the good action humankind and the reward. On the whole was the drafting of the life of humankind in the circle was born - lived - died (the misery) that had not ended, and by the Buddhist religion this chain that will be ended to head perfection.
Lalitawistara
Was the drafting of the story Buddha in the row of relief (but not was the complete story) that was begun from the fall Buddha from Tusita heaven, and ended with first advice in the Rusa Garden close to the Banaras city. This relief lined up from the ladder to the next side south, after melampui the row of relief totalling 27 pictures that were begun from the ladder of the east side. The 27 pictures depicted the activity, both in heaven and in the world, as preparations to welcome the attendance of the last incarnation Bodhisattwa as the candidate Buddha. This relief depicted the birth Buddha in arcapada this as Prince Siddhartha, Putra King Suddhodana and the Maya Queen from the Kapilawastu Country. This relief numbering 120 pictures, that ended with first advice, that symbolically was stated as Pemutaran Roda Dharma, the teaching Buddha in mentioned dharma that also meant the "law", whereas dharma was demonstrated as the wheel.
Jataka and Awadana
Jataka was the story about Buddha before being born as Prince Siddharta. His contents was the subject of the good action exposure, that distinguished Bodhisattwa from any other creature also. Actually, the service collection/the good action was the preparations stage in an effort to head ketingkat to-Buddhist-an. Whereas Awadana, basically almost was the same as Jataka but his perpetrators not Bodhisattwa, but the other person and he said was assembled in the Diwyawadana book that meant the noble action kedewaan, and the Awadanasataka book or one hundred Awadana stories. In Borobudur temple relief jataka and awadana, was treated same, meaning that both of them were met in the row that was same without being distinguished. The association that was most famous from the life Bodhisattwa was Jatakamala or untaian the Jataka story, the work of the poet Aryasura and jang lived in the 4th Masehi age.
Gandawyuha
Was the row of relief decorated the wall of the path to-2,adalah the Sudhana story that roamed without knew tired in an effort to him looked for Tertinggi Knowledge about the Sejati Truth by Sudhana. His drafting was in 460 pictures based on the holy scripture Buddhist Mahayana that was entitled Gandawyuha, and for his cover part was based on the other book story that is Bhadracari.
Borobudur, Candi Buddha Terbesar in the 9th Age

Who did not know the Borobudur Temple? This Buddhist temple had 1460 relief and 504 Buddhist stupas in his complex. Millions of people mendamba to visit the building that including in World Wonder Heritages this. It is not surprising, because in an arsitektural manner and his function as the place of religious duties, Borobudur quite enticing. Borobudur was built by King Samaratungga, one of the kings of the kingdom Mataram Kuno, the descendants of the Syailendra Dynasty. Was based on the Kayumwungan inscription, a Indonesian named Hudaya Kandahjaya said that Borobudur was a place of religious duties that were finished was built on May 26 824, almost one hundred years were since the beginning period developed. The Borobudur name personally according to several significant people of a mountain that berteras-terrace (budhara), while several that were other said Borobudur meant the monastery that was located in the high place.

The Borobudur building have the shape of punden berundak consisted of 10 levels. The height 42 metre before being renovated and 34,5 metre after being renovated because the level was lowest was used as penahan. Six levels were lowest have the shape of lay alongside the cage and three levels above had the shape of the circle and one highest level that took the form of the Buddhist stupa that appear before to the west. Each stage symbolised the life stage of humankind. Appropriate mahzab Buddhist Mahayana, anyone who wanted to achieve the level as Buddha must through each life stage. The Borobudur basic part, was acknowledged as Kamadhatu, symbolised humankind that still was tied by the desire. Four levels were above acknowledged as Rupadhatu symbolised humankind that could release itself from the desire but still was tied by the form and the form. In this level, the Buddhist statue was placed was open. Now, three levels above where Buddha was placed in the hollow stupa was acknowledged as Arupadhatu, symbolised humankind that was freest from the desire, the form, and the form. The part was highest that was acknowledged as Arupa symbolised nirvana, the Buddhist place.
Each stage had beautiful relief that showed how skilled his manufacturer. The relief will be read harmoniously when you walked a direction of the hour needle (the left direction from the temple entrance). In his relief of Borobudur told about a story that really melege you, that is Ramayana. Moreover, was gotten also by relief that depicted the condition for the community at that time. For example, relief about the activity of the farmer that reflected about the progress of the agricultural system at that time and sailing ship relief was the representation from the progress of the voyage that at that time concentrated in Bergotta (Semarang). The available relief whole in the Borobudur temple reflected the teaching Buddha. Because of this, this temple could be made the edication media for people who wanted to study the Buddhist teaching. YogYES asked you to surround each crowded path in Borobudur in order to be able to understand Buddhist religious philosophy. Atisha, a Buddhist from India in the age to 10, had visited to the temple that was built 3 centuries before Angkor Wat in Cambodia and 4 centuries before the Agung Cathedral in Europe .The blessing visited Borobudur and had a supply of the texts of the Buddhist teaching from Serlingpa (one of the kings of the Sriwijaya Kingdom), Atisha could develop the Buddhist teaching. He became the head of the Vikramasila monastery and taught Tibetans about the method of practising Dharma. Six texts from Serlingpa then diringkas became a core of the teaching was acknowledged as "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or that more was known by the name of Bodhipathapradipa. One of the questions that currently is not yet answered about Borobudur was how the condition around the temple when being built and why the temple was found in the situation was buried. Several said Borobudur initially stood was orbited the swamp afterwards was hidden because of the Merapi eruption. Really him was the Kalkutta inscription was inscribed with 'Amawa' meant the milk ocean. The words that afterwards was interpreted as the Merapi mudflow. Several that were other said Borobudur was stockpiled the cold Merapi mudflow. The blessing visited Borobudur and had a supply of the texts of the Buddhist teaching from Serlingpa (one of the kings of the Sriwijaya Kingdom), Atisha could develop the Buddhist teaching. He became the head of the Vikramasila monastery and taught Tibetans about the method of practising Dharma. Six texts from Serlingpa then diringkas became a core of the teaching was acknowledged as "The Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment" or that more was known by the name of Bodhipathapradipa. One of the questions that currently is not yet answered about Borobudur was how the condition around the temple when being built and why the temple was found in the situation was buried. Several said Borobudur initially stood was orbited the swamp afterwards was hidden because of the Merapi eruption. Really him was the Kalkutta inscription was inscribed with 'Amawa' meant the milk ocean. The words that afterwards was interpreted as the Merapi mudflow. Several that were other said Borobudur was stockpiled the cold Merapi mudflow.

The history And the Documentation of the Eiffel Tower

Built in the Exhibition week of the World and celebration of the French Revolution, the tower with the flying flag in his peak was declared on March 31 1889. Despite the criticism and the protest that were hard from the Paris inhabitants and the intellectual's circle while being built, the framework of this iron became the symbol of the Paris city and attracted more than 6 million visitors every year.

Chief Proyek: Mr Gustave Eiffel was helped by, in part, the engineers Maurice Koechlin and Emile Nouguier as well as Stephen Sauvestre as the architect. The project plan was begun in 1884. Despite all the obstacles above, pembanguan the tower was begun during 1887 and was finished 26 months afterwards during 1889. Was planned this tower will be demolished after the occurence of the Exhibition week of the World 1900. But, the trial was successful from the transmission of radio that was controlled by Armed Forces France before the restoration day finally had rescued the Eiffel tower .The material that was used: the Steel was connected in the form of the conflict from 18,038 seeds that were reinforced with 2,500,000 nails. The framework from the work of Mr Gustave Eiffel this kept the wind and although his material from the iron, heavy the tower only 7.300 ton. High: from the land to the flagpole, the height 312.27 metre during 1889, now 324 metre with his antennae. At this time, various French television companies installed their antennae in the peak of the Eiffel Tower. Owned by the Paris Regional Government and managed by the private company, "Société Nouvelle de l'Exploitation de La the Eiffel tour", the framework of this iron was renovated every time 7 years very much and was painted with 50 ton the paint. His renovation was wrought on processed the worker that manguasai sport alpinis and akrobatis. Information: this "Besi Girl was" lit" with 352 projectors 1,000 watts and blinked every time sengah the hour tonight with 20,000 light bulbs and 800 disco lights. To make the tower apparently more lived, 4 lights of the xenon laser that had the force of 6,000 watts proceeded permanently in the peak of the tower. The number of ladders: 1,665 ladders for the happy visitor sport. There were 2 lifts that rose to the level of two where could be found various souvenir shops. The Eiffel tower was actually built as the gate of l’Exposition Universelle 1889, one of World’s Fair that coincided with 100 French revolutionary years. Built from 1887, this tower was declared on March 31 1889 and was opened for the public on May 6 in the same year. His execution that was very dangerous the reason for the structure of the building personally that finally could have been overcome by Eiffel and only claimed casualties 1 person. I to the Eifel Tower in the afternoon and did not rise the lift kelantai the middle because of being seen by me queued him was long enough. This tower was located ditempat that was enough to be open so as to be able to broadcast elegance that was exotic around the modern building.If you received the containing e-mail the photograph of the giant's caterpillar that was climbing the Eifel Tower, carefully, you possibly was infected by worm Win32.Brontok.O. Worm that circulated at the beginning of this August had several names of the alias, among them W32.Rontokbro@mm and Win32/Pazetus.C. Worm Brontok spread by using Indonesian and England. This could be seen from subject and the contents of the e-mail that was entitled "Liburanku in Bali" or "My Photo ounce Paris". In file attachment him that had a name "Picture.Zip", worm that already arrived to this O variant containing file View-Picture.bat and Picture.bmp. File this picture in fact was file that contained the Trojan Downloader code that will connect the computer user by one website certain to men-download the execution program worm Win32.Brontok.O. In his action, Brontok will deactivate several programs antivirus and changed the contents file HOST to stop the process up-date regular. To be on the alert in order to be not detected by the program anti the virus, Brontok would meng-install himself to registry and changed file that was infected with file clean other. Moreover, he also had the capacity for the log in to website certain and men-download more malware. So, casualties's computer will be filled by many trojan and continued to try to deactivate the program anti the virus that still was active. After succeeding in infecting a computer, he will use the identity of this e-mail to send himself together 'picture.bmp' to all contact available inside address book casualties.

The Big China wall

The Besar China wall (the Great Wall of China) was announced as one of the seven new world miracles. Six other world miracles that is the Taj Mahal in India, Petra in Jordan, Patung Crist Redeemer in Brazil, Machu Picchu in Peru, Pyramida Chichen Itza in Brazil, and Colosseum in Italia. The determination of the status of seven new miracles the world was the choice from 100 million people all over the world through the site of the internet and the short message (the SMS) the telephone selular, that was held by Swiss Foundation, a foundation of not-for-profit private enterprise. The announcement of seven world miracles was read out by the English actor, Ben Kingsley, and the US actress of Hillary Swank, as the master of ceremonies in the determination agenda in the Stage of Light, Lisabon, Portugal, on Sunday (8/7).

The history

The Besar China wall or the Wall of the Giant China, also was known in China (Tiongkok) by the name of the Wall of the Giant along 10,000 Li, was the longest building that had been made by humankind, was located in the Rakyat Republic Tiongkok. The length was 6.350 kilometre and the height 8 metre. It was wide that his upper part 5 m., whereas wide his underside 8 m.. Every time 180-270 m. was made a kind of reconnaissance tower. High this reconnaissance tower 11-12 m.. To make the wall of this giant, be needed by time hundreds of years in the time of various emperors. It seems, thousands of people were killed in the process of his production. Originally, was estimated by Qin Shi-huang that began the development of the wall, but according to the research and the note of history literature, the wall was made before the Qin Dynasty stood, to be precise was built the first time in the Negara Berperang time. Qin Shi-huang Emperor continued the development and the strengthening of the wall that was built beforehand.

Sepeninggal Qin Shi-huang, the production of this wall could be stopped and just was continued again in the Sui Dynasty time, finally was continued again in the Ming Dynasty time. The form of the Wall of the Giant who now is seen by us was results of the development of the Ming time. The wall interior contained the land that was mixed with bricks and the stones. His upper part was made the main road for Tiongkok cavalry. The big China wall it was considered as one of the seven Keajaiban Dunia.
The symbol of the China Nation

China was a country that had the long history, sparkling culture, and was rich in tourist attractions. At least 29 nature inheritances and the inheritance of the world culture were in China. That showed intelligence and the people's diligence China. The number of available world inheritances in China occupied the 3rd place in the world. The Besar wall or Great Wall China was regarded as some between "7 world miracles". The Besar China wall was projek the defence of the ancient time military that his production period was longest and his project was biggest in the world.

The Besar Tiongkok wall that was called as one of the "7 world miracles" were the defence project of the old time military that took up development time was longest and on a scale biggest in the world. The Besar wall that was grand melintang from the west to the east of Tiongkok along 7000 kilometre more.

The history of the development of the Besar Tiongkok Wall could be traced up until the 9th age before Masehi. At that time, the government in the Tiongkok middle connected the fortress and the lighthouse that were the troops's guard post in the border to one long wall in order to ward off ethnic groups's attack from the north of Tiongkok. To the Chunqiu Period and Berperang countries, the battle raged among countries kepangeranan that was in confrontation with each other. The countries for the sake of his defence personally were endless built the big wall on the hill and the mountain that were located in the area of the border. In the year 221 before Masehi, Emperor Qinshihuang united Tiongkok. After that, Emperor Qinshihuang ordered so that walls that were built by various countries kepangeranan that was connected to one big wall as the bunker to ward off the attack of troops of ethnic cavalry nomadik in the Monggolia meadow the Tiongkok northern part. The Besar wall at that time the length reached 5000 kilometre more.

The Besar wall to Dinasi Han after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty was extended until 10 thousand kilometre more. In the history during 2000 years ago, the ruler in various times had not stopped building the Besar Wall so as long the total of them reached 50 thousand kilometre, that was enough to orbit the earth of one time more. The Besar wall that we mentioned now most are the big wall that was built in the Ming Dynasty that had the power between the year 1368 and 1644. His west tip was based from the Jiayu Fortress in the Gansu Tiongkok Barat Province and the east tip him was located at the edge of the Yalu Provinsi Liaoning Tiongkok Timur Laut River after beyond 9 provinces, the city and the autonomous area along 7300 kilometre, or was the same as 14 thousand li Tiongkok. Therefore, the Besar Wall was acknowledged as the "long wall 10 thousand li" in Tiongkok. As the bunker, the Besar Wall was built by joining the running of the peak of mountains. The topography that was passed by him very complicated, in part, gurung sand, the meadow and the swamp. To adjust to various topographies, the development executive of the Besar Wall applied the extraordinary and different structure. Kesemua this showed the ancestors's intelligence of the Tionghoa nation. The Besar wall that was winding mamanjang followed the peak of mountains was almost impossible was conquered by the enemy in the old time because of the mountain and the slope that became the foundation of the wall.The Tembok Besar body is usually built with the big stone associated with the land and the fragment stone. The height approximately 10 metre and the width approximately 5 metre, that is for 4 proceeding horses adjacent enough. Therefore, really was easy for the troops's manoeuvre and the transport of the foodstuff and the weapon. On the inside of the wall was built the door and the ladder to rise descended. The Besar wall was connected with the fortress or the lighthouse of each sector, where being kept the weapon and the foodstuff. The fortress and the lighthouse were used as the place of the rest for the soldier when peace and at the same time being the bunker to ward off the enemy's attack when waging war. Moreover, like that was learnt the occurrence of the enemy's aggression, in the lighthouse will be lit fire when the night and the smoke during the day so as the news can about the enemy's attack be spread all through the country in the near future. In the important sector of the Besar Wall, for example the strategic tracks,The mountain pass and the border of the mountain with sea usually are built the big gate attic. The gate attics did not only look grand, but also reflected sparkling architecture art the old Tiongkok time. Now some gate attics changed to the tourist attraction, for example the Gerbang Shanhaiguan Attic on the end east the Besar Wall that was called as the attic of the number gate of one Tiongkok and the Gerbang Juyongguan Attic the sector of Badaling Tembok Besar around Beijing. The function of the Besar Wall as the military bunker now already was not again, but beauty of his architecture stayed very astonishing. Beauty of the Besar Wall was reflected in the glory, the strength and his greatness. Looked from the place far to the Besar Wall, the big wall high that memanjang for thousands kilometre that appeared similar the dragon mahabesar that menggeliang-geliut followed mountains; if being seen from the short distance, then the wall was full of the attraction of art with his architecture that various styles. The Besar wall was results of exertion that was wetted sweat and blood as well as was thought about by the people's Tiongkok intelligence in the old time. How heavy is the development project of the Besar Wall in the old time that still was low the productive power indeed was difficult to be imagined.

The frog

The frog (English: frog) and the alias frog bangkong (b. England: toad) was the amphibian animal that most was known by the person in Indonesia. Children usually like the frog and the frog because his form that was funny, often jumped up and down, had not bitten and did not endanger. Only adults who often felt disgusted or frightened that was not justified against the frog. The two animal sorts his form was similar. The frog bertubuh short, sturdy or thin, berpunggung rather bent, four-footed and not berekor (anura: a not, ura the tail). The frog generally has soft skin, humid, with the long back leg. On the other hand the frog or bangkong had rough skin berbintil-nodule until berbingkul-bingkul, often dry, and his back leg was often just short, so as most not cleverer at jumping far. However the two terms often also were bartered by his use.
The life of the frog and the frog
The frog and the frog headed his life as the egg that was placed by his mother in water, in the foam nest, or in other wet places. Several kinds of the mountainous frog kept his egg among mosses that were wet in trees. While the other kind of the forest frog left his egg at the humid male frog back, that always guarded and carried him until hatching even until becoming the frog kecil.Sekali laid eggs the frog could produce 5000-20000 eggs, depended on the quality of the mother and took place totalling three times in a year. Frog eggs and the frog hatched to the tadpole or kecebong (b. England: tadpole), that bertubuh was similar to the fat fish, breathed with gills and for several for a long time the life in water.Slowly will grow the back leg, that afterwards was followed with the growth of the foreleg, the disappearance of the tail and changed him gills with the lungs. After his period, this tadpole will jump to the land as the frog or the small frog. The frog and the frog were married when certain, for example when the month died or in when gazing at rain. At the time male frogs sounded to call female him, from the edge or middle waters. Several of his kinds, like the field frog (Fejervarya limnocharis) and kintel sticky the alias belentung (Kaloula baleata), often formed ‘grup nyanyi’, where several male animals gathered was adjacent and sounded answered-reply. The loud voice the frog was produced by the pocket of the voice that was located in and around his neck, that will swell up big whenever being used.

Fertilisation was to the frog carried out outside the body. The male frog will adhere on his female back and embraced tight the armpit the female from behind. While swimming in water, the male frog back leg would memijat the female and stimulating frog stomach the issuing of the egg. At the time of that simultaneously the male frog will release his sperm to water, so as to be able to fertilise eggs that were issued the female.

The habitat and food
The frog and the living frog spread the area, especially in the climate tropical area hot. It was increasingly cold that his place, like on the mountain or in the seasonal area of four (temperate), the number of types of frogs tended increasingly a little. One of them was because of the frog including the cold-blooded animal, that needed hot from his environment to maintain his life and maintained his body metabolism. Dendrobates pumilio, the measuring frog 18–22 mm with poisonous skin from American Tengah. This animal could be found beginning with the jungle, the desert, river banks and the swamp, the plantation and the paddy-field, as far as the settlement environment of humankind. Bangkong the cellar, for example, was one of the frog kinds that often was experienced in corners of the house or over the pot in the page. The tree frog occupied low trees and scrub, especially in and around the water channel or the pond. The frog preyed on various insects kinds that were experienced by him. The frog was often found clustered under the street lights light or the garden, caught insects that were interested by this light light.On the other hand, the frog was also preyed on by various of the creature's other kinds: the snake, the lizard, birds like the heron and the eagle, the mongoose, linsang, but also was consumed by humankind. The frog defended itself by jumping far, issued mucus and poison from the gland on his skin; and even was that produced a kind of sticky thick mucus, so as the mouth pemangsa him will adhere tight and was difficult to be opened.
The frog and humankind
Already since long before the frog had been known by humankind as one of the delicious food. In Tionghoa restaurants, really the famous frog by the name of swie kee. Acknowledged as the 'water chicken' (swie: water, kee: the chicken) was like this because of the deliciously piquant and plump frog thigh white warned to the chicken thigh. Moreover, in several places in East Java, certain frog eggs were also cooked and presented in the form pepes the frog egg. The frog played a very important role as the indicator of pollution of the environment. The level of pollution of the environment could be to an area seen from the number of frog populations that could be found in this area. The background of the use of the frog as the indicator of the environment because of the frog was one of the ancient creatures available sejah thousands last year. So the frog continue to exist with the change in the climate of the earth. Definitely only influences of humankind that possibly caused terancam him the frog population. One of them was the disposal of the dangerous waste by humankind to nature. This dangerous waste that could threaten the existence of the frog to the dirtiest area.Moreover, because of the importance of the position of the frog in the chain of food, then the reduction in the number of frogs will cause the disturbance of the dynamics of the growth of the frog predator. Moreover the disturbance of the frog population could result in direct with the extinction of the frog predator. But that more threatened the life of the frog in fact was the human activity that often damaged the natural habitat the frog, like the forests, the river and the swamp. Moreover currently the use of pesticide that spread in damaging also paddy-fields eggs and the frog tadpole, as well as resulted in the defect in the generation of the following frog.
Bangkong butted

Bangkong butted or the frog butted was a kind of frog from the Megophryidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Megophrys Montana Kuhl & van Hasselt, 1822. His name in English was horned frog.The frog that bertubuh short rather fat, conceited with runcingan skin on the two eyes and on the end of the snout. A pair runcingan other skin, that was smaller, was gotten on the end of the jaw. The measurement of the body generally was until big, 60-95 mm; the male frog smaller than female him. Dorsal (the back part) had soft skin, pale chocolate reddish until old chocolate, with a pair of skin fold on the back, beginning with the part tengkuk as far as the waist. Often with a pair of black nodule small on shoulders. Sometimes was gotten by a pair of skin fold that was more vague and shorter in respectively the lateral side of the body, behind the hands as far as the waist. Foot and the hands were more yellowish, with skin folds melintang bertepi black, formed the black graffiti. The black colour also was received around and behind the eyes. The slice of the coloured eyes reddish.Ventral (the low side of the body) grey whitish, with the nodule was rather rough. The brownish front dirty, in a very spotty manner and black spots that approximately symmetrical on the chin, the neck, the hands and foot. The web in foot very short.Camouflage that was perfect from the colour and the form of this frog body on the floor of the forest, caused bangkong butted was difficult to be recognised during the day. This frog often hid under forest offal, and just tonight active explored the floor of the forest as far as river outskirts. The frog tadpole butted had the similar mouth a funnel, usually is found in the river part that welled up or that not all that berarus.
Bangkong offal

Bangkong offal or the offal frog was a kind of frog from the Megophryidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Leptobrachium hasseltii Tschudi, 1838. The other name in English was Hasselt’s litter frog; was named was like this as the appreciation to J.C. van Hasselt, an expert and the naturalist who worked in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia in the Dutch colonisation period).Bangkong that bertubuh was, between 50-70 mm. Male generally smaller than that was female. Fat short with the round and big head, bigger than his body; the big eyes and melotot. Dorsal (the back part) was brown grey kebiruan or keunguan (the unclear phase), or golden (the clear phase). Gotten very spotty oval was dark that was located symmetrical, the outside bank spotty was golden. Coreng black went from the end of the snout as far as the eyes, and it was continued under the fold supratimpanik as far as shoulders. The slice was dark blackness. Ventral (the low side of the body) grey until blackness on the stomach, was spotted white. The hands and foot note down dark. The web was only gotten in foot, short.Bangkong this only was found in the forest, most in mountains, especially in the place that was not far from the river. Active tonight (nocturnal), bangkong offal slept during the day or hid over forest offal. With foot that was short, this frog jumped very short and often also crawled slowly in wood or the stone with the body was appointed. The male frog made tonight on the heap of offal, the edge sound of the river, or the stone near the water current. Occasionally while cleaning the side behind his body. His voice was hoarse weak, wuaak.. wak.. wak.. wak.. answered-reply. Beforehand, L. hasseltii was suspected of spreading the area in Sundanese shallows as far as the Malaya Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo. But currently was known spread limited only in Java, Madura, Bali as far as Kangean. Leptobrachium was in the three first territories ascertained various other, like L. pullum and L. hendricksonii (Malaysia) and L. abbotti, L. gunungensis and L. montanum (Borneo). While the population in Sumatra still must be appointed. (Iskandar, 1998).
Bangkong the river

Bangkong the river was the name of a kind of frog from the Bufonidae ethnic group. His scientific name was Bufo asper Gravenhorst, 1829. This frog was also known by the name of other: the mangy frog the river, the big toad, or the stone frog. In English was acknowledged as Java toad, river toad or Malayan giant toad.The big, not fat and rather slender mangy frog. Often with the rough nodule and big lumps (asper, the language of Latin = rough, thorny). Male measuring (from the snout to the anus) 70-100 mm, female 95-120 mm. The back was brown old dull, greyish or blackness. The low side was spotted black. Male usually with chin skin that blackness. The web down to fingertips foot.Bangkong that often was met near the river, in the stone down to tebing-tebing on the top. Occasionally was found also in the low scrub twig. Active in night time (nocturnal), this frog during the day hid over the stone; sometimes remaining gathered in water that was hidden.Unlike bangkong the cellar, bangkong the river could jump far with foot him that was relatively long. This frog often pretended to die if being arrested. When being held and placed terlentang on the flat and level place, this frog will continue to not move up until several times; to afterwards suddenly turned the body and jumped instantly when the situation has he felt been safe. The male frog speaking called female from the river bank when the full moon. The sound: wok.. Kak, heavy and occurring rather slow.Bangkong the river spread beginning with Indochina in the north as far as Sumatra, Kalimantan and Java. In Java spread as far as Pasuruan and Malang in East Java. In the past, skin bangkong that dikeringkan often was used by the Malay thief. The smoke that was produced from skin that was burnt was believed could drug occupants of the house in order to fall asleep soundly, so as the theft could run smoothly.
Bangkong the cellar

Bangkong the cellar had the scientific name of Bufo melanostictus Schneider, 1799. Bangkong this also was known with several other names like the mangy frog (Jkt. ), the frog berut (Jw. ), the frog brama (Jw., that was reddish), and Asian black-spined toad (Ingg. ). This frog spread the area beginning with India, the People's Republic of China south, Indochina arrived at Indonesia the western part. In Indonesia, by joining in the movement of humankind, this amphibious animal quickly spread (invaded) from the island to the island. Currently bangkong the cellar was also found in Bali, Lombok, Sulawesi and Papua west.The measuring frog was, that was mature berperut fat, berbintil-nodule rough. Bangkong male the length (from the snout to the anus) 55-80 mm, female 65-85 mm. On the head was gotten gigir hard stood out that bersambungan, from on the snout; through upper, front and behind the eyes; to above timpanum (the eardrum). Gigir this usually coloured blackness. A pair of gland parotoid (the poison gland) that was big long was received above tengkuk. The back part varied his colour between grey chocolate dark, yellowish, reddish, and blackness. There were with the colour of the yellow foundation also those who are brownish or black greyish. Gotten by the rough nodule on the back with the tip of blackness.The low side of the white body greyish, berbintil-nodule was rather rough. The hands palm and foot with the black colour or blackness; without the web, or foot with the very short web. The male animal generally with the dull chin reddish.Bangkong the cellar was most often found around the house. Jumped very short, this frog left his hiding under the heap of the stone, wood, or in corners of the kitchen when the west; and returned to the place originally in time at daybreak. Occasionally, his hiding place was occupied together by a group of big and small frog; until 6-7 tails.Bangkong this was married in ponds, the juicy ditch welled up, or belumbang, often in the full moon night. The male frog dismissed the voice that was busy before and after rain to call female him, often up until the morning. He sounded: rrrk,.. rrrk, or... oorek-orek-orek-orekk! Noisy. In moments like that, could be found several pairs until dozens of pairs bangkong that was married simultaneously in one pond. Often also the physical competition that was heavy happened among bangkong male to contest female, especially if female him far more a little. Therefore, the male will embrace very tight his female back for his marriage procession. Sometimes was encountered also by several bangkong that died because of wounds as a result of the competition; the wound in the male animal snout, or the wound on the female animal armpit.Apparently this frog had the association that was tight to the human environment. From time to time, bangkong the cellar continued to widen the area of his distribution joined the activity of humankind. Iskandar (1998) recorded that this frog had not been gotten in the tropical rainforest.
Belentung
Belentung or belentuk was the name of a kind of speaking small frog high-pitched. Because of the sound dengkung him that, many people that supposed this animal bertubuh big (saw for example to KBBI [1]). Jakartans mentioned him the frog blentung, whereas Javanese named him kintel. Was varied the name was pinned in English: Brown Bullfrog, Gamelan Frog (because dengkung him sweet answered-reply), Muller apostr s Narrowmouth Toad, Smooth-fingered Narrow-mouthed Frog, Red Spotted Chubby Frog (referred in the characteristics of his body), or Flower Pot Toad (because his habit hid in the flowerpot). His scientific name was Kaloula baleata, and including into the Microhylidae ethnic group.The frog that bertubuh small was, round (Jw., buntek) slippery with foot-foot that was short. The male animal mature in a long manner the body from the snout to the anus (SVL, snout-to-vent length) to around 60 mm, that was female somewhat bigger through to 65-66 mm [2] [3]. The head widened, with the short snout. Timpanum (the eardrum) was hidden under skin. The long-sleeved finger and memipih flat in front, similar spatula, formed hurut T narrow. Fingertips foot became dull. The web in foot the length only around a third of the finger, achieved the nodule subartikuler middle under fourth toes.The back (dorsal) was brown, golden chocolate, very black chocolate or greyish dark; occasionally with symmetrical patterns. On the front leg armpit and behind was gotten noktah was orange, red or pink menyolok, that in the normal position usually invisible because of being covered by the skin fold. The low side of the body (ventral) slippery, chocolate keunguan in a very spotty manner whitish, or conversely, grey whitish bebercak dark blackness. Skin berbintil soft but soft, not rough when being felt, somewhat wrinkled merut and loose. Felt slippery, the frog belentung was easy to skid if being held, and left sekret take the form of mukus (mucus) that was close on the hands. Often also this frog inflated his body if felt was disturbed.

As in the case of bangkong the cellar, the frog belentung only could jump very short. But this animal clever climbing the tree or the shrub. For the need, his front toes and several were on his back leg supplemented with the sleeper pelekat. Crawled in a slow manner, kintel could reach the branch indentation or the wood hole that was humid through to around 2 m. on the land, where he hid himself. During the day this frog was inactive and slept in his hole in the tree, the land crack or over the heap of humid offal. His natural habitat including the primary forest, the secondary forest and the second-hand land tebangan. In Java, the frog belentung often was found around the yard garden, especially close to the ditch and belumbang, until the height around 1.000 m. dpl. [3] Nevertheless, this frog did not spread equitable, but overflowed to the certain area and was not found to the other area. It was not rare that this frog hiding below or in the flowerpot in the page or the house veranda.

On rain days, the frog belentung busy sounded high-pitched in the afternoon, in fact before the dark day, especially if heavy rain descended during the day him. Sounded sweet, several male frogs usually growl answered-reply while floating was adjacent in the pool of shallow water, the pond, or the water channel that tersumbat. He sounded: “them.. dung, them.. dung” (the first sound canned be heard like them, phem, or bleen.. was answered with thung, or dung from the other individual); apparently from here this frog received his name. These frogs inflated his stomach while swimming was floating, then pumped some air on his stomach to the pocket of the voice in his neck to get the sound dengkung that was high-pitched and hard. Belentung spread the area beginning with Thailand south, Kep. It was incarcerated, Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi.

Mangoes

Mangoes were classified as the group “batu” was plump with the form, the measurement, the colour, and the taste (aroma-feeling-texture) was varied. The form of mangoes there is one that is fat, like mansion mangoes, and the ellipse, like mangoes harumanis and mangoes moreover, mangoes kopek have the shape of round and flat, while mangoes roll over oval. Although the form, the measurement, the colour, and the taste mangoes were varied. From the aspect of the nutrient all of them almost far was not different. Overripe mangoes fresh contained water around 82 percent, vitamin C 41 mg, and energy/calorie 73 Cal per 100 gram. In every time 100 gram young mangoes, mangoes that still mentah—terkandung water approximately 84 percent, vitamin C 65 mg, and energy 66 Cal. Energy in young mangoes low because more often contained amylum, that will change to sugar in the process pematangan. Most mangoes energy came from the carbohydrate took the form of sugar, that made him be felt sweet. The content of this sugar was dominated by the group's sugar of sucrose. The content of sugar in revolving mangoes 7-12 percent. However, the sweet mangoes kind could reach 16-18 percent. Antioksidan Mangoes then were the source I-karoten, potassium, and vitamins of C. Beta-karoten were the substance that in the body will be changed into vitamin A (nutrients that were important for the function of the retina). I-karoten (and vitaminC) also be classed as antioksidan, the compound that could give the protection for cancer because of could neutralise the free radical. The radical free to be molecules was unstable that was produced by various processes of normal chemistry the body, sun radiation or cosmic, the cigarette smoke, and the influences of the other environment.
In the body, the radical's majority free to come from the process of complex chemistry when oxygen was used in the cell. Free radicals that in a manner chemistry was incomplete this could “mencuri” the particle from other molecules. He afterwards produced abnormal compounds and made the chain reaction that could damage the cell, by causing the basic change in genetic material and important parts the other cell. Simple him, the radical's method free to damage body cells, was the same as the process of oxygen of causing paper to change became yellow or butter became rancid. Nutrients antioksidan, like I-karoten and vitamin C, made the radical free to be not dangerous by neutralising him. Nutrients antioksidan that was contained overflowed in mangoes. The content I-karoten and vitamin C (togethered with potassium, the activity of vitamin A, the carbohydrate, energy and water) from several mangoes sorts each 100 gram could be seen in several libraries.

C vitamins Besides functioning as antioksidan, vitamin C had the function guarded and encouraged the health of capillary arteries, the health of teeth and gums. He helped the absorption of iron and could hinder the production natrosamin, one trigger substance of cancer. Vitamin C could also make the network of the connector stay normal and help injured recuperation. The content of quite appropriate mangoes vitamin C was counted on. Every time 100 gram the cooked mangoes part that could be eaten supplied vitamin C totalling 41 mg, young mangoes in fact through to 65 mg. This means that, by consuming overripe mangoes 150 gram or mangoes roll over 200 gram (1/2 the small measurement), the adequacy of vitamin C that was recommended for the man and the mature woman per the day (respectively 60 mg) could be fulfilled.

Potassium and stroke Potassium had the function increased the regularity of the heartbeat, activated muscle co-traction, and helped blood pressure. Consumption of adequate potassium could reduce the effect natrium in increasing blood pressure, and freely giving the contribution towards the decline in the risk because stroke. One research showed that when someone added a slice high potassium in the pattern of everyday food, the risk was affected stroke fatal could be reduced of 40 percent. Consumption of extra potassium totalling 400 mg every day could reduce the possibility of receiving the heart disease and blood vessels.

Potassium was gotten overflowed to mangoes. Each 100 gram mangoes were contained potassium as big as 189 mg. By consuming a mango harumanis the measurement was very small (minimal 250 gram), or a mango of the measurement mansion was (200-250 g), the adequacy of potassium totalling 400 mg per the day could be fulfilled. You who wanted to buy mangoes could choose mangoes that were good with the green colour yellowish, slippery skin, and the sweet aroma. Avoided chose that was too hard or too soft, the bruise, or reeked of fermentation.

Deskripsi These mangoes were often found in the centre of the production of mangoes in East Java, that is in Probolinggo. This mangoes kind was popular enough in the lover's circle mangoes. It seems that was sweet like mangoes arumanis was one of his expertise. The form him then resembled mangoes arumanis, that is the ellipse, berlekuk, and had a beak clear. Skin him was green - meskipun has been old - with coloured gland spots whitish. Meat thick and coloured yellow reddish. It seems sweet fresh and his aroma was fragrant. The measurement him including rather big, heavy in general 400-450 g. Manfaat As the table or as the drink.
The Tumbuh condition The mangoes crop including the plain crop. This crop could grow and develop good in the area with the height between 0-300 m. above sea level. Nevertheless, this crop also still could be growing until the height 1.300 m. above sea level. The area with the rainfall between 750-2.250 mm per the year and the temperature of 24-27° C was the place grew that was good for the crop this. The land kind that was liked by him was the loose land, berdrainase good, had pH between 5.5-6, and and the depth of the ground water between 50-150 cm. The cultivation guide The increase in the crop: Generally, the mangoes crop was increased with okulasi, although could also with continued the sprout and cangkok. As the low stick was used the seedling of sweet mangoes, cengkir (indramayu), and bapang. The use of the seed from the seed was not justified, except for the low stick. The low stick that not harmonious (inkompatibel) influential not all that was good towards the growth and fertilisation (the production, the form, and the feeling of meat) the upper stick. The production of the seed (the seedling and okulasi) usually immediately was carried out in the garden. Afterwards, was moved to polibag after high the bud around 20 cm. The crop cultivation: the Seed was buried in the hole planted measuring 60 cm x 60 cm x 50 cm with the distance planted 8-12 m.. Each hole was given manure that was as many as 1-2 second-hand cans kerosene or 20 kg. The seed okulasi was buried in the land after achieving the height more than 75 cm. Artificial fertiliser that was given took the form of the mixture 200 kg urea, 500 kg TSP (667 kg SP-36), and 150 kg
Pemeliharaan Fertilising was carried out by four times with the hose three months. His dose increased in accordance with the age of the crop. After reached high 1 m., the seed was cut to the border of the growth field in order to be able to be in doubt many. This branch was maintained 2-3 buds per the branch. Pemangkasan was repeated after the branch just reached long 1 m., was like this henceforth until being received the composition 1-3-9 branches. The pest and Penyakit The pest that worried was the stick drill (Cryptorrhynchus sp. ) and the beetle cicade (Idiocerus niueosparsus). Idiocerus insects of the pump pest very damaging the mangoes flower until falling out. The number of female flowers low with fertilisation by weak pollen. The insects attack (wereng) caused the production of low mangoes. This pest could be overcome with the systemic Tamaron insecticide syringe 0,2%. Giving of insecticide through the infusion more was recommended to avoid the ugly influence on the beetle penyerbuk him. The illness that often attacked, especially in the area had a wet climate was the illness blendok (lh'plodia sp. ), died the sprout (Gloeosporium sp. ), and the post-harvest illness (Botryodiplodia sp. ) that caused fast mangoes rotted in his starting point part. However, this illness could attack the stick of continuation of the prospective mangoes when the condition for the humid and cold crop environment. The Diplodia attack that was very damaging the stick could be overcome with mengoleskan the Benlate solution 0,3% or lysol 20-50% in the wound that was cleaned more previously. The harvest and Post-harvest Mangoes dipanen after really old. The characteristic is, the starting point part increased level and his colour began to turn yellow. The collection that was not yet really old caused tasted rather sour and kelat (the low quality). The age dipanen approximately 4-5 months (110-150 days) since the flower blossomed (anthesis). Picking must be careful, might not fall, and his latex might not concerning these mangoes. Generally, the mangoes crop blossomed in the month July-August. Ripe could dipanen in the month September-December.Must be cleansed of lice, soot, and latex that clung. Anyone must know this. His form was round, his colour his meat was yellow, the colour of his skin is generally green, his meat also was that bersemburat red and tasted sweet. This only was not liked by the adult, but also children. Mangoes (Mangifera indica) was tropical. When still was raw (young), this then often was looked for to rujak and was looked for by the woman who was pregnant. Mangoes were the crop original from India. However currently, spread in various corners of the world, including Indonesia. The Mangga crop could grow well in the area of the plain and had a hot climate. But, there were also also those who could grow in the area that had the height through to 600 metre above sea level. Mangoes had many varieties. There are those that mentioned, setidakn him was gotten by 2,000 mangoes kinds in the world. Apart from it seems that was sweet and refreshing, mangoes evidently also had the usefulness that was good for the health. Because this contained substances that really was needed by the body. The usefulness of mangoes: * Para the expert believed in mangoes was the source karotenoid that was acknowledged as me crytoxanthin, that is the material penumpas good cancer. * Mangga also just like vitamins antioksidan like vitamin C and E. Satu mangoes contained seven gram fibre that could help the digestion system. Most protracted fibre in water and could guard cholesterol in order to stay normal. * Mangga had the characteristics of chemistry and the effect farmakologis certain, that was pengelat (astringent), the urine laxative, freshener, the addition of appetite, the light laxative, the laxative dahak and antioksidan. * Kandungan of acid galat to mangoes was very good for the digestion channel. Whereas the content of his riboflavin was very good for the health of the eyes, the mouth, and the throat. mangoes had many varieties. There are those that mentioned, setidakn him was gotten by 2,000 mangoes kinds in the world. Apart from it seems that was sweet and refreshing, mangoes evidently also had the usefulness that was good for the health. Because this contained substances that really was needed by the body. The usefulness of mangoes: * Para the expert believed in mangoes was the source karotenoid that was acknowledged as me crytoxanthin, that is the material penumpas good cancer. * Mangga also just like vitamins antioksidan like vitamin C and E. Satu mangoes contained seven gram fibre that could help the digestion system. Most protracted fibre in water and could guard cholesterol in order to stay normal. Mangga had the characteristics of chemistry and the effect farmakologis certain, that was pengelat (astringent), the urine laxative, freshener, the addition of appetite, the light laxative, the laxative dahak and antioksidan. * Kandungan of acid galat to mangoes was very good for the digestion channel. Whereas the content of his riboflavin was very good for the health of the eyes, the mouth, and the throat. * Mangga then berkhasiat helped cured various illnesses, among them the inflammation of skin, influenza, asthma, the disturbance pengelihatan, gums were bloody, laryngitis, the inflammation of the respiratory tract, breathless and the ulcer. Moreover also could overcome the boil, scabies, eczema, the stomach mulas, diarrhoea, drunk the trip, cacingan, not all that appetite, whitish, the disturbance of menstruation, the hernia and rheumatism. The Mengatasinya method: * Untuk overcame the inflammation of skin that was used was skin mangoes. The method is, 150 gram skin mangoes were cooked with adequate water until boiling. In the warm condition, water rebusan this was used to wash the skin part that experienced was sick or the inflammation. This ingredients could be also used to overcome eczema. the influenza Illness could be also overcome with this. The method is, 200 gram meat mangoes were increased 10 gram ginger, and two rods of the white leek. These materials were boiled with 500 cc water until remaining 250 cc. Afterwards his water was refined and drunk while still was warm. # they who were normal drunk the trip could also make use of mangoes to overcome him. The method is, mangoes that beforehand dikeringkan then was boiled with adequate water. After warm, added adequate honey and 10 cc the orange juice nipis then was stirred through to level. Further this ingredients was drunk while warm.

Pawpaws

The pawpaws crop was known as the multi-purpose crop, because almost all the crop part from the root until the leaves were useful for humankind and the animal. The pawpaws crop could be made use of as food, the drink, medicine, beauty wanted- then as livestock food. The usefulness pawpaws were discussed in the article (1) beforehand. Along with was the dose of the use and the use of pawpaws as medicine. For the outside use, his method pawpaws were boiled then his water was used to wash the part that was sick, or latex dioleskan in the part that was sick. Whereas for the use in, used 30-60 gram the fresh material that was boiled or refined into juice. Used to kapalan, heels broke-broke, the wound, panu, was bitten by insects. The method is, young pawpaws were cut off his tip then took his latex by using cotton, then oleskan in the skin part that was sick. Unripe pawpaws were blent in a blender or refined, then his water dioleskan in the part that was sick. Did routinely. Overcame ubanan before the time. The method is, used 30 gram the pawpaws seed that was ripe disangrai afterwards was refined until becoming the powder, added 1 tablespoon of coconut oil, stirred level then dioleskan to hair through to equitable. Let for 1-2 hours after that cleaned. Carry out 1 time a week. To expedite ASI. Gunakan 30 gram the pawpaws leaves was squeezed-squeezed, then was despised on fire until the leaves became soft, and stuck the pawpaws leaves while warm round breasts, except his nipples part. To the burn sufferer, used young pawpaws latex dioleskan in the burn, or pawpaws young was refined afterwards was spread in the part that was sick (dikompres). To treat the pimple, used 30 gram the pawpaws leaves that already old was put in the sun to dry for a moment afterwards was refined added 30 cc water, afterwards used as the mask in bulit that berjerawat. Young latex of the pawpaws tree dioleskan to skin that berjerawat. Did seacra the routine through to the dry pimple. Avoided was affected by the eyes. To the rheumatism patient, used 30 gram the pawpaws root, 20 gram the citrus fruit leaves nipis, 15 gram sambiloto fresh, 20 gram the leaves ketepeng china, 30 gram the luxuriant betel leaves, 5 small chillis, all of them were refined then was soaked in alcohol 75 percent while 7 days, afterwards were blackmailed and refined. His water was used to rub and massaged the part that was sick. Carry out 2-3 times a day. Or used 1/2 the teaspoon of pawpaws latex was suspended, 1/2 the teaspoon of stick latex sesuru, adequate white wood oil was stirred level then was used to rub the part that was sick. When suffered was difficult to defecate, used 300 gram ripe pawpaws that were peeled his skin afterwards direncam with the adequate salt water then was eaten. Did twice a day. Consume cooked pawpaws in an orderly fashion. Treated the inflammation of the kidney, could use 30 gram the pawpaws root was cleaned, was boiled with 800 cc until remaining 450 cc, refined added adequate honey and was drunk by 3 times their respective day 150 cc. Or used 30 gram the pawpaws root was cleaned, 30 spoons, 15 gram the fresh crop of the cat moustache, 30 tall grass roots were boiled with 800 cc water until remaining 400 cc, afterwards was refined and drunk. Carry out 2 times their respective day 200 cc. When suffering the stomach-ache during menstruation, used 30 gram the pawpaws leaves, 30 gram galingale, 15 gram acid, adequate salt was pounded through to soft added adequate boiled water then was blackmailed until being accommodated 200 cc, and was drunk at the time of menstruation. For excessive menstruation, used 200 gram young pawpaws, 100 gram the water lily rhizome was boiled with 600 cc water until remaining 300 cc, then his water was drunk and the other material was eaten. Whereas to treat hot in to children, used 200 gram cooked pawpaws, 300 gram the machete gourd/the yellow gourd, adequate lump sugar, was blent in a blender with adequate water and was drunk.Overcame influenza, used 20 gram the pawpaws seed, 10 gram ginger, 15 gram lempuyang fragrant, 2 garlic fangs were boiled with 500 cc water until remaining 300 cc, added 2 tablespoons of the orange juice nipis, adequate honey and was drunk by 3 times a day, every time drank 100 cc. For the rheumatism patient, used 60 gram the pawpaws leaves, 15 gram red ginger was boiled with 400 cc water as far as 200 cc then was refined and drunk while warm. Or used 30 gram half-ripe pawpaws, 15 gram red ginger was boiled with 600 cc water until remaining 300 cc, then was refined and his water was drunk by 2 times their respective day 150 cc. Treated the anaemia sufferer, used 30 gram the pawpaws leaves, 20 gram the leaves blustru, 20 gram the basil leaves, 10 gram lempuyang was boiled with 800 cc water until remaining 400 cc then was refined, and was drunk his water 2 times their respective day 200 cc.

Suffered caught a cold, used 60 gram the pawpaws leaves, 20 gram the leaves sembung, 10 gram ginger, 3 rods of lemon grass, 10 items of the clove, 1/2 the teaspoon of caraway seeds, 30 gram palm sugar/palm sugar was boiled with 800 cc water until remaining 450 cc, then was refined and drunk his water 3 times their respective day 150 cc. To increase appetite, used 100 gram the young pawpaws leaves fresh was refined, added 200 cc boiled water then was refined and added adequate honey then was drunk, carried out 2-3 times a day.

The benefit of pawpaws
Satu Buah pawpaws contained various enzyme kinds, vitamins and the mineral. The content of his vitamin A more than carrots, his vitamin C was higher than the citrus fruit. Rich also with complex vitamin B & vitamin E. Dua Buah pawpaws contained the enzyme papain. This enzyme was very active and had the capacity to speed up the process of the digestion of protein. Digested protein was the main problem that generally is dealt with by many pattern insiders ate everyday. The body had the limitations in mencerba protein that was caused by the shortage of the issuing of acid hidroklorat in the side. Tiga Kadar protein in pawpaws were not too high, only 4-6 gram per kilogram heavy. But julah that a little this almost completely could be digested and absorbed the body. This was caused the enzyme papain in pawpaws could digest the substance totalling 35 times was bigger than his measurement personally. The digestibility against this protein reminded us to more conscientious chose food, That food that contained high protein not yet tenti could be useful for the body. That important was to be or not easy the protein was absorbed the body. Empat Papain could break protein to arginin. The compound arginin was one of the essential amino acids that in the normal condition could not be produced the body and normally was received through food like the egg and yeast. However when the enzyme papain was involved in the process pencerbaan protein, naturally some protein could be changed to arginin. The process of the formation arginin with papain this took part in influencing the production of the growth hormone of humankind that was popular with the human term growth hormone (HSG), because arginin was one of the obligatory draughts in the HGH. Nah formation, HGH this that helped increased the health of the muscle and reduced the fat dump on the body. Other important information, the laboratory test showed arginin had a function of hindering the growth of cells of breasts cancer. Lima Papain could also break food that contained protein until being formed by various amino acid compounds that was autointoxicating or automatic eliminated the formation of the substance that was not wanted resulting from the imperfect digestion. Hypertension, was difficult to defecate, arthritis, epilepsy and diabetes were illnesses that emerged because of the process of the digestion of imperfect food. Papain always was not able to prevent him, but to be able to at least minimise the effect of the negative that emerged. That was clear papain could help brought about the process pencenaan better food. Enam Papain had a function of helping the amino acid regulation and helping issued body poison. By this means the system of body immunity could be increased. Tujuh Pepaya could also speed up the digestion of the carbohydrate and fat. The enzyme papain could break meat fibres, so as meat more was easy to be digested. Not surprised when pawpaws were often made the material of meat padding, especially for the production of satay or stew cooking. Delapan Pepaya had the characteristics of the antiseptic and helped prevented the proliferation of the bacteria that was damaging in the intestines. Pawpaws helped normalised the intestines pH so as the flora situation of the intestines then became normal. Sembilan Papain was formed throughout the part, both skin, meat, and his seed. So better pawpaws were made use of entirely. Even, for them who experienced the problem of the digestion, it was suggested to mengonsumsi pawpaws togethered with his seed. Sepuluh Buah that still was unripe or half ripe had the content of nutrition that was higher than ripe. However the woman who wanted to have the child or to be pregnant was banned mengonsumsi him, because raw and unripe had the effect aborted. Because of this one effect, in various countries, like Papua Nugini and Peru, pawpaws were used as the contraception implement. The suggestion for the woman was pregnant, when wanting to get the usefulness of pawpaws, ate that has been just ripe. By the way, in fact the pawpaws tree that was planted by me by the house has borne fruit (for the first time), sedihnya…hiks…. I did not know can eat or not first him, his matter tomorrow on Wednesday already must take off.

The name latin him Carica pawpaws. The Australian community mentioned him Paw paw. And Indonesians knew him by the name of pawpaws. This was most famous as the medicine crop in various parts of the world. His usefulness could be reaped from almost all the crop part, but him that most often was used because of being easy to be gotten and delicious. For you that liked ate pawpaws, there is good him knew the expertise this one so that your conviction to mengonsumsi him increasingly improved. If you rarely ate pawpaws. Then for Andalah this article was made so that you tergerak to taste and like him.

Melon

You perhaps often underestimated melon that you ate. In fact that was dirt cheap this contained many usefulness that were extraordinary as the illness preventive. Around 95% meat melon contained water, so as to be able to give the cold feeling and the effect that calmed. Because of having the refreshing characteristics, melon could calm the hot feeling in the stomach. Melon often contained vitamin A, B and C as well as contained protein, calcium and phosphorus. The content of the mineral in melon in fact could eliminate the acidity of the body and had the characteristics cured constipation. The acidity of the body must be eliminated because would menggangu the digestion, especially to the side organ.

The content of nutrition melon was 15,00 mg calcium; 25,00 mg phosphorus; 0,5 mg the iron; 34 mg vitamin C; 640 mg I.U vitamin A; and 0,03 mg vitamins B1. Melon contained antikoagulan that was mentioned with adenosine so as to be able to stop the agglomeration of blood cells that could trigger the illness emergence stroke or the heart. In the meantime, the content karotenoid melon that was high could prevent cancer and reduced the risk of the lung cancer attack because of being the main compound the cancer aggressor. Melon had the very good diuretic power so as to be able to cure the kidney illness and the serious and acute eczema illness. If being combined with lemons, then melon could crush gout. So be good him you consumed melon a day very much routinely in the morning.

So his conclusion, the benefit melon for the health of our body was: 1. As anti-cancer. 2. Helped the disposal system by preventing constipation. 3. Reduced the risk of the heart disease attack and stroke. 4. Prevented blood clotting. 5. Reduced the risk of the kidney illness. 6. Cured the eczema illness. 7. Prevented and cured hot in.

The description
The crop melon was similar very much with the watermelon, that is in doubt many, but the stick hair was softer. The stick melon shorter than the watermelon. The seed melon was gathered in the middle in the cavity, whereas the watermelon seed spread in meat. The leaves and the stick: the leaves melon wide bercanggap (berlekuk), stuck out rather short. The stick melon had the holder's implement (twisted) to climbing. There was the kind melon that his leaves bank bergelombang and not bercanggap. The flower: the Flower melon lived one and in pairs single. The flower that emerged first as far as the five usually the male flower. The honeybee and the green fly played a role in this flower pollination. : melon generally round, although there is one that is long and often did not contain water.

The type melon a great number, including there is one that is skinned green, yellow, and white yellowish. However, basically had three types, that is that his skin encompassed (the net), his skin encompassed unclear, and had soft skin without having the sign of the net. All melon had seeds many, was gathered in the cavity that was covered mucus. This mucus was felt sweet, elastic (hard), and often did not contain water. There was the kind melon that his skin was black with greenness meat, for example tendral verde. The root: the Crop melon was not far was different from the watermelon, had the upside down root and the root samping many as well as rather in. The root samping took the form of fibre that the amount many, strong, and long.

The condition grew

The crop melon happier to grow in the middle plain that his temperature was rather cold, that is in the height of the place between 300-l.000 m. dpl. In the plain that his elevation less than 300 m. dpl, melon measuring smaller and his meat was rather dry (not juicier). The land kind andosol or the land berpasir was good for the development melon. This land had the pH 6-7. The area that bertipe the dry climate was not liked by the crop melon. This crop was intolerant against the acid land (the low pH) like to the watermelon. To the land that had a sour pH, the crop melon will grow stunted. The crop melon more was sensitive to the ground water that welled up or the condition for land aeration was not better than the watermelon crop. In the place that his air humidity was low (dry) and was protected, the crop melon was reluctant to blossom female. This crop was happier in the area was open, but the sun rays were not too intense, was enough with the illumination 70%.

The cultivation guide
The increase in the Crop crop melon was increased with the seed that was selected. This seed was produced specially by isolating the crop. His aim of preventing the occurrence of the cross-pollination with the male crop that was not desired and prevented the spread of the illness from outside the seedling cultivation garden. The prospective continuation with the water gourd (Lagenaria sp. ) also could be carried out, but in practice agribusiness melon had not been carried out. All the seeds melon that generally takes the form of the hybrid seed, in the import from Japan and Taiwan. The method produced the seed melon was the same as the watermelon, but in melon might not produce the seed that seedless (did not have seeds). This was caused by the existence of the seed in melon did not cause difficulties for the consumer because of his location gathered in the cavity. The crop cultivation: the Cultivation melon could be carried out with two methods, that is with the system hidroponik (without the land) and the land system (the field). The system hidroponik will not be discussed because of being difficult to be carried out by the normal farmer. The seed melon disemai more previously in small pots (berdiameter around 4-6 cm). The pot could be made from polibag (plastic), the bananas leaves, or the land bloc with the land comparison and manure 1: 1. Each pot was planted one seed melon. The media that was used took the form of the land mixture and manure that were sterile with the comparison 1: 1. The sterile media very important because melon really was sensitive to penyaldt the root tular the land (soil borne disease) like Rhizoctonia and Fusarium. After the seed be aged 2-3 were last week buried in the garden. The hole planted measuring 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm. Each hole was given manure totalling 5-10 kg. Artificial fertiliser take the form of 100 kg urea, 200 kg TSP (267 kg SP-36), and 100 kg KCl per hectare. Fertiliser was given twice in the age two weeks and four weeks after planted. The distance antarbaris planted 100 cm, whereas the distance antartanaman in the line 50 cm. It was wide that the ditch 30-4o cm so as the distance antarselokan (wide the embankment) was 160-180 cm. Each embankment contained two crop lines. The crop was given ajir strong to merambatkan the stick. Usually the crop is maintained one stick (one) or three rods (three), whereas the female flower (nipples) other was thrown away. The crop began to be blossoming in the age 30-50 days after planted. In an effort to agribusiness melon oriented commercial (the supermarket market or gave priority to the quality), was carried out like to the watermelon, that is used mulsa black plastic. This to prevent the growth of weeds/grass.
Pemeliharaan
Giving of artificial fertiliser and water the shower was done through the hole planted that was made to plastic mulsa this. Demilaan also ajir bamboo or the iron that was used raised the crop melon was transfixed in this hole. The disposal of the female flower (nipples) was carried out after is chosen of the chicken egg, usually in the two from beneath. Now other was thrown away. In agribusiness efforts melon modern, this crop was maintained in the transparent plastic house under the plastic roof was installed by the para-net. This was done to prevent the high rainfall that could damage the crop melon. Moreover, also to arrange the illumination in order to be not too intense. By this means, melon could be buried every time and did not depend the season.
The pest and Penyakit
The pest that threatened the crop melon was yellow lice (Myzus persicae). These lice attacked the leaves melon so as bald down, especially in the dry season. Yellow lice were the vector of the mosaic virus that most was feared by the farmer. Green lice (Aphis gossypii), tungau red (Tetranychus sp. ), and oteng-oteng (Epilachna sp. ) became the pest melon like to the watermelon. These pests could be overcome with the Temaron syringe 0,2%. The illness that became the obstacle to the farming melon that important was wilt (Erwinia tracheiphila) and rotten the neck of the root (Fusarium oxysporum). The two illnesses attacked when the condition for aeration in selkitar the crop was not good (the ground water welled up) .The illness mildu flour (Erysiphe cichoracearum, mildu dew (Pseudoperospora cubensis), as well as spotty (Colletrotrichum lagenarium) attacked the crop at the time of the temperature of cold and humid air. In the rain season, this leaves illness threatened serious. Therefore, was recommended planted melon at the time of by the dry season and must be treated intensive. When being not yet late, this illness could be prevented/was overcome by being sprayed by Benlate 0,2%. The illness of the mosaic virus (CMV, cucumber mozaic the virus) that attacked the watermelon crop also could attack the crop melon. The virus was difficult to be overcome. It is best to, combatted his vector that is Myzus persicae intensively with Kelthane 0,2%. The crop melon that was attacked by CMV, when him dipanen then his quality was low (ripe him was imperfect).
The harvest and Post Panen
Melon must dipanen after really old because will not be ripe when diperam. Signs was old, that is skin appeared slippery, shone, and his voice reverberated when being knocked on with the hands. Ripe (really old) in the age 80-100 days after tanam.Produksi could reach 1-2,5 kg per. The harvesting that late caused the crack so as to be able to not be sold. Gardened melon was one of the efforts in the agribusiness field, that could ditekuni and promised the profit. Melon often was have an interest taken in it and marketed through the traditional market, the shop and the supermarket. One of the locations of the orchard melon was in the Ciruas area, Serang, Banten, that was managed by Ulum. In the land measuring 5 thousand metre this was planted melon. The kind melon that was buried was golden melon that was yellow and his fruity flavour was sweet. Before being buried the land was processed at first dahulu. the next one was given fertiliser. The seed melon was received by means of penyemaian. The seed was buried in the special media afterwards after being 12 days old grew into the stick with two perfect leaves. This seed was afterwards moved to the garden with the distance planted between the line 100 centimeter and the distance between the crop 50 centimeter.In order to be of good quality, melon that still was in the tree was hung with the rope. Melon could dipanen around 3 months after the seed disemai or around 75 days after the process penyemaian. The process of the harvesting was carried out by means of cutting off the stem. Plantation efforts melon in Banten, often did not yet have an interest taken in him by the farmer, in fact the requirement melon in Banten was high enough, around 40 ton per the month, and just could be filled around 10 ton per the month.. From the grating that was done, the level of sugar melon this on the provisions that were determined the market. The level of his sugar reached 14.5 percent, on the level of minimal sugar that was maintained the shop and the supermarket of 12 percent. Gardened melon was promising efforts the profit. Results that were received on capital that dikeluarkan. the processing cost of the land and the maintenance around 3.500 rupiah per the tree, whereas the price him around 4000 rupiah per kilogram.
The content melon
The content of nutrition melon was 15,00 mg calcium; 25,00 mg phosphorus; 0,5 mg the iron; 34 mg vitamin C; 640 mg I.U vitamin A; and 0,03 mg vitamins B1. Melon contained antikoagulan that was mentioned with adenosine so as to be able to stop the agglomeration of blood cells that could trigger the illness emergence stroke or the heart. In the meantime, the content karotenoid melon that was high could prevent cancer and reduced the risk of the lung cancer attack because of being the main compound the cancer aggressor.

Melon had the very good diuretic power so as to be able to cure the kidney illness and the serious and acute eczema illness. If being combined with lemons, then melon could crush gout. So be good him you consumed melon a day very much routinely in the morning hari.Jadi his conclusion, the benefit melon for the health of our body was: As anti-cancer. Helped the disposal system by preventing constipation. Reduced the risk of the heart disease attack and stroke. Prevented blood clotting. Reduced the risk of the kidney illness. Cured the eczema illness. Prevented and cured hot in.